Tracheobronchial and Alveolar Particle Surface Area Doses in Smokers

Fuoco, Fernanda Carmen; Stabile, Luca; Buonanno, Giorgio; Scungio, Mauro; Manigrasso, Maurizio; Frattolillo, Andrea

doi:10.3390/atmos8010019

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Lung dose assessment can help to verify the effective dose relating to possible subclinical and clinical adverse health effects [34]. In this study, the dose of UFPs in terms of surface area deposition in the alveolar tract is greater by one order of magnitude compared to the dose values measured in Italian children living in urban or rural areas [66] and below the total daily deposited dose for typical Italian smokers [67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Occupational Exposure to Fine Particles and Ultrafine Particles in a Steelmaking Foundry

Marcias

Fostinelli

Sanna

et al. 2019

Metals

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Several studies have shown an increased mortality rate for different types of tumors, respiratory disease and cardiovascular morbidity associated with foundry work. Airborne particles were investigated in a steelmaking foundry using an electric low-pressure impactor (ELPI+™), a Philips Aerasense Nanotracer and traditional sampling equipment. Determination of metallic elements in the collected particles was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The median of ultrafine particle (UFP) concentration was between 4.91 × 10 3 and 2.33 × 10 5 part/cm 3 (max. 9.48 × 10 6 part/cm 3 ). Background levels ranged from 1.97 × 10 4 to 3.83 × 10 4 part/cm 3 . Alveolar and deposited tracheobronchial surface area doses ranged from 1.3 × 10 2 to 8.7 × 10 3 mm 2 , and 2.6 × 10 1 to 1.3 × 10 3 mm 2 , respectively. Resulting inhalable and respirable fraction and metallic elements were below limit values set by Italian legislation. A variable concentration of metallic elements was detected in the different fractions of UFPs in relation to the sampling site, the emission source and the size range. This data could be useful in order to increase the knowledge about occupational exposure to fine and ultrafine particles and to design studies aimed to investigate early biological effects associated with the exposure to particulate matter in the foundry industries.Metals 2019, 9, 163 2 of 20 workers, during the processing stages, could be exposed to a multitude of breathable dust types and aerosols, such as metal fumes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mineral powders, resins and isocyanates [7]. Among the several toxic and carcinogenic substances contained in foundry dust, heavy and transition metal fumes represent a major health concern, as they can induce local inflammation in the lung tissue, lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and oxidative damage to the genome [8,9].Several studies have shown that different hot processes in the metallurgical industry have the capacity to generate high concentrations of sub-micrometric particles. In particular, important number concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFPs, <100 nm in diameter) were generated as combustion products or in saturated vapors [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. UFPs may have more pronounced toxic effects than larger particles, due to their larger surface area to unit mass ratio, which determines their peculiar physicochemical properties and increased biological activity [19][20][21][22][23]. Recently, some studies have shown an association between ultrafine particulate exposure and health effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory tract [24][25][26], however, epidemiological evidence on UFP-related adverse health effects is still limited and subject to disagreement [27][28][29][30][31].Some studies have focused on surface-related effects [24,32-34], particle-related effects [25,[35][36][37], mass-related effects [38] or effects related to metallic elements contained in the particulate matter [39][40][41]; however, the role that the different (...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Occupational Exposure to Fine Particles and Ultrafine Particles in a Steelmaking Foundry

Marcias

Fostinelli

Sanna

et al. 2019

Metals

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“…Daily mean DSA doses in the intrathoracic airways were estimated to be 141.6 ± 206.2 cm 2 /day, based on the kitchen PSD and personal exposure concentrations. A study on cigarette smoke particles (CSP) conducted in Italy, estimated the intrathoracic particle surface area dose from mainstream cigarette smoke to be 885 cm 2 /day for typical adult female smokers 46 . This study reported an average of 11.8 cigarettes per day for female smokers, with an average 11.5 puffs per cigarette and a puff time of 1.8s, resulting in a total puff time of approximately 4 minutes per day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size distribution and lung‐deposited doses of particulate matter from household exposure to biomass smoke

et al. 2020

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Exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) is associated with a number of adverse health effects. However, it is unclear which aspects of PM are most hazardous, and a better understanding of particle sizes and personal exposure is needed. We characterized particle size distribution (PSD) from biomass‐related pollution and assessed total and regional lung‐deposited doses using multiple‐path deposition modeling. Gravimetric measurements of kitchen and personal PM2.5 (<2.5 µm in size) exposures were collected in 180 households in rural Puno, Peru. Direct‐reading measurements of number concentrations were collected in a subset of 20 kitchens for particles 0.3‐25 µm, and the continuous PSD was derived using a nonlinear least‐squares method. Mean daily PM2.5 kitchen concentration and personal exposure was 1205 ± 942 µg/m3 and 115 ± 167 µg/m3, respectively, and the mean mass concentration consisted of a primary accumulation mode at 0.21 µm and a secondary coarse mode at 3.17 µm. Mean daily lung‐deposited surface area (LDSA) and LDSA during cooking were 1009.6 ± 1469.8 µm2/cm3 and 10,552.5 ± 8261.6 µm2/cm3, respectively. This study presents unique data regarding lung deposition of biomass smoke that could serve as a reference for future studies and provides a novel, more biologically relevant metric for exposure‐response analysis compared to traditional size‐based metrics.

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“…measuring the exposure to airborne particle concentrations at a personal scale by means of handheld particle counters (Pacitto et al, 2018;Pacitto et al, 2020;Wallace & Ott, 2011). The study was limited to the non-smoking population and non-industrial working environments; the smoking population should be analyzed separately due to the large dose they typically receive, as should people working in industrial jobs characterized by specific particle sources (Fuoco et al, 2017). Thus, the volunteers considered in this study, to characterize the different environments in terms of submicron particle concentrations, were all adults (both male and female), office workers, and nonsmokers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily submicron particle doses received by populations living in different low- and middle-income countries

Pacitto

Stabile

Morawska

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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Tracheobronchial and Alveolar Particle Surface Area Doses in Smokers

Cited by 12 publications

References 67 publications

Occupational Exposure to Fine Particles and Ultrafine Particles in a Steelmaking Foundry

Occupational Exposure to Fine Particles and Ultrafine Particles in a Steelmaking Foundry

Size distribution and lung‐deposited doses of particulate matter from household exposure to biomass smoke

Daily submicron particle doses received by populations living in different low- and middle-income countries

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