Trace metals in rain and snow during 1973 at Chadron, Nebraska

Origin and fluxes of atmospheric REE entering an ombrotrophic peat bog in Black Forest (SW Germany): Evidence from snow, lichens and mosses

“…In the last decades, there has been an increasing interest in trace metals in natural environments (e.g., Nriagu and Pacyna, 1988;Vernet, 1992;de Vries and Bakker, 1995;Hernandez et al, 2003) and particularly in atmospheric precipitation (Struempler, 1976;Galloway et al, 1982;Barrie et al, 1987;Noll et al, 1990;Atteia, 1994; Barbaris and Betterton, 1996;Takeda et al, 2000;Roy and Négrel, 2001;Ferrari et al, 2002;Nieminen et al, 2002;Walker et al, 2003;Zhang and Liu, 2004). This is of importance because atmospheric deposition constitutes a major contribution of numerous heavy metals, which are of potential toxicity for ecosystems.…”

The Distribution and Toxicology of Lead in the Environment: A Review

“…In-cloud scavenging is more important in the rural areas where particle sizes are smaller (Nriagu 1978a). Sampling during storms has shown that the lead content decreases with time and with increasing intensity of precipitation (Struempler 1976).…”

Sulphur and Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban Snow: Multi-Elemental Analytical Techniques and Interpretations

“…However, a study of snow composition can be potentially just as fruitful as that from rainfall. This is especially true for countries such as Canada (Barrie and Walmsley 1978, Barrie 1979 and 1980, Jeffries and Snyder 1981, Jervis and others 1982, 1983, Landsberger and others 1983[a], 1983[b]), Norway (Forland and Gjessing 1975, Johannessen and others 1977, Dovland and Eliassen 1976, Wright and Dovland 1977, Johannessen and Henriksen 1978), USA (Struempler 1976, Moore and others 1978, Thornton and others 1981), Poland (Zajac and Grodzinska 1981), and Germany (Schrimpff and others 1979) where winters are long and snowfalls are abundant. However, in many of these reports only a few pollutants were investigated and environmental analytical interpretations were scarce while studies were not always focused on urban snow.…”