Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: Spatial variations, sources, and health implications

Zhou, Shengzhen; Yuan, Qi; Li, Weijun; Lü, Yanbin; Zhang, Yangmei; Wang, Wenxing

doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60399-x

Cited by 111 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The PM 2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 45 to 403 µg/m 3 with an average mass loading of 125 µg/m 3 , and the total concentration of 17 metal elements was 1.227 µg/m 3 , accounting for 1.0% of the total PM 2.5 mass. These findings are similar to a study conducted at Ji'nan industrial and urban sites (130 µg/m 3 of PM 2.5 mass concentrations and 1.62 µg/m 3 of metals), where ferrous metal smelting, traffic equipment production, and petrol processing are large emitters of metals, in particular Sb, Cd, As, Se [58]. In the samples (Table 1), Na, Mg, Al were the crustal elements, with higher concentrations than other elements except for Zn.…”

Section: Annual Characteristic Of Metal Elementssupporting

confidence: 89%

Seasonal Variations and Sources of 17 Aerosol Metal Elements in Suburban Nanjing, China

Chen

et al. 2016

Atmosphere

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Abstract:In this work, the seasonal variations and sources of trace metal elements in atmospheric fine aerosols (PM 2.5 ) were investigated for a year-long field campaign from July 2012 to June 2013, conducted in suburban Nanjing, eastern China, at a site adjacent to an industry zone. The PM 2.5 samples collected across four seasons were analyzed for 17 metal elements, namely, Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminum (Al), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Strontium (Sr), Cadmium (Cd), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), Molybdenum (Mo), and Antimony (Sb) using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We found that the total concentration of all 17 metal elements was 1.23 µg/m 3 , on average accounting for 1.0% of the total PM 2.5 mass. For our data, mass concentrations of Al, Cd, Ba were highest in summer, Mg, Cu, Zn, Se, Pb peaked in autumn, Cr, Mn, Ni, As, Sr, Sb increased significantly in winter, while the concentrations of Na, V, Mo were at their highest levels in spring. Air mass back trajectory analysis suggested that air parcels that arrived at the site originated from four dominant regions (Japan, yellow sea and bohai; Southeast of China, the Pacific Ocean; Southwest of Jiangsu and Anhui province; Northern Asia inland and Mongolia region), in particular, the one from Northern Asia inland and Mongolia contained the highest concentrations of As, Sb, Sr, and was predominant in winter. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses revealed that the industrial emission is the largest contributor (34%) of the observed metal elements, followed by traffic (25%), soil dust (19%), coal combustion (10%), incineration of electronic waste (9%), and a minor unknown source (3%). In addition, we have also investigated the morphology and composition of particles by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) techniques, and identified particles from coal burning sources, etc., similar to the PMF results.

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Section: Annual Characteristic Of Metal Elementssupporting

confidence: 89%

Seasonal Variations and Sources of 17 Aerosol Metal Elements in Suburban Nanjing, China

Chen

et al. 2016

Atmosphere

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“…Calculations were not performed for cases in which only a threshold value is given in Tables 6 and 7 (i.e., when more than 50% of the samples were not quantified). Fe is not the only possible choice for crustal reference, but it is one commonly used in calculation of EFs [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. The analysis of EFs furnishes only qualitative information, because the wide variation of the elemental concentration must also be considered.…”

Section: Pm 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy

et al. 2014

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Samples of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were collected discontinuously between 2003 and 2010 at fifteen monitoring sites (urban, background, industrial) in the south-eastern part of Italy using a mobile laboratory. In total, 483 PM 10 and 154 PM 2.5 samples were collected and chemically analyzed for the determination of metal content. Data were used to investigate concentration differences among the typologies of sites, the seasonal patterns, and the influence of advection of Saharan dust (SD). PM 10 and PM 2.5 average concentrations increase from background to industrial and urban sites but the ratio PM 2.5 /PM 10 is significantly lower (0.61 ± 0.10) in background sites. The average metals concentrations in PM 10 and in PM 2.5 do not show a clear dependence on site typology apart an increase in crustal elements in background sites and an increase in the enrichment factors of Ni and of Cr in PM 10 in industrial sites. Urban sites show a statistically significant increase of PM 10 average concentration during the cold seasons (autumn and winter), likely associated with the anthropogenic urban emissions, instead, the background sites show a decrease in concentrations during the cold seasons. This could be due to more frequent cases of SD observed in spring and summer periods that mainly influence background sites. The seasonal difference on the average concentration for industrial sites is not statistically significant. The SD cases influence both PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations but their effect is significantly larger on PM 10 . Over the studied area, the effect is relatively limited on long-term average PM 10 (estimated increase of 3.2%) and PM 2.5 (estimated increase of 1.5%) concentrations but it OPEN ACCESSAtmosphere 2014, 5 436 is significant on daily concentrations. It is estimated an increase of 22% of the probability to overcome the air quality standard daily threshold for PM 10 .

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“…Trace metals in PM 2.5 can be used to identify the sources, although most of them constitute less than 10% of the PM 2.5 (Tan et al, 2014). The enrichment factor (EF) is frequently used to identify the sources of the elements and evaluate the effects of anthropogenic factors on the concentrations of the related elements (Tan et al, 2014;Zhou et al, 2014;Hsu et al, 2016). Toxic elements, such as Pb, Cd, Ni, As, and Cr, in PM 2.5 may pose potential health risks to local residents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition Characteristics of PM2.5 in Three Cities in Henan, Central China

Jiang

Guo

Wang

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The sites of Luoyang, Zhengzhou, and Pingdingshan in Henan, China were selected to investigate the chemical compositions of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ). A total of 165 PM 2.5 samples from the three sites were collected from October 2014 to July 2015. Water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental carbon and organic carbon, and other elements in PM 2.5 were analyzed by ion chromatography, carbon analyzer, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. Results showed that the annual average concentrations of PM 2.5 in the three sites were significantly higher than the Chinese national ambient air quality standard. The seasonal average of PM 2.5 concentration varied with the lowest concentrations of PM 2.5 in summer. Among these sites, the highest concentrations of SO 4 2-and NH 4 + ions were observed in Luoyang with the highest concentration of NO 3 -detected in Zhengzhou. SO 4 2-, NO 3 -and NH 4 + ions occurred as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and NH 4 NO 3 . For seasonal variation, the highest concentrations for Al, Fe and Ca were observed during spring in Pingdingshan and autumn in Zhengzhou and Luoyang, respectively. Enrichment factor (EF), as an indicator, is commonly used to evaluate the contribution of anthropogenic sources, and high EFs of Zn, Cu, and Cd in PM 2.5 indicate the extent of air pollution, which is generally caused by emissions of vehicles and industries. Risks posed by heavy metals on human health were assessed. The hazard index, which was used to assess the overall potential for noncarcinogenic effects, was higher than 1 in the three sites, indicating that V, Cr, As, Mn, Cd, Co, and Ni may cause accumulative noncarcinogenic health effects on humans, without the noncancer effect of each heavy metal significant. Cr in PM 2.5 is a potential carcinogenic risk when inhaled by adults. Overall, the results indicate that PM 2.5 pollution must be considered seriously in three cities.

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Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: Spatial variations, sources, and health implications

Cited by 111 publications

References 38 publications

Seasonal Variations and Sources of 17 Aerosol Metal Elements in Suburban Nanjing, China

Seasonal Variations and Sources of 17 Aerosol Metal Elements in Suburban Nanjing, China

Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy

Chemical Composition Characteristics of PM2.5 in Three Cities in Henan, Central China

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