Abstract:In this study, the concentrations of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were determined in 15 cigarette brands from Turkey by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A wet digestion method was employed to cigarette samples. The mean values obtained for Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were 1.2, 4.1, 134, 14, 66, 3.7, 5.0, and 1.1 mg g À1 , respectively, i.e., in the order of Fe > Mn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd. The results were compared with the literature values for other international cigarette bran… Show more
“…The similar conentration of Cd was found in Oman [37], Pakistan [28], and in India [33]. Chromium concentration was high in every tobacco product and is supported by the literature [28,33,[35], [36], [37]]. Fig.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 79%
“…2 ) was found at 2.01 μg/g and 1.57 μg/g in cigarettes and bidi. The similar concentration of Cd in cigarettes and bidi was found in Turkey [ 35 ], Nigeria [ 36 ] and India [ 33 ]. A considerable amount of Cd was found in gul (1.86 μg/g) and zarda (1.98 μg/g).…”
“…The similar conentration of Cd was found in Oman [37], Pakistan [28], and in India [33]. Chromium concentration was high in every tobacco product and is supported by the literature [28,33,[35], [36], [37]]. Fig.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 79%
“…2 ) was found at 2.01 μg/g and 1.57 μg/g in cigarettes and bidi. The similar concentration of Cd in cigarettes and bidi was found in Turkey [ 35 ], Nigeria [ 36 ] and India [ 33 ]. A considerable amount of Cd was found in gul (1.86 μg/g) and zarda (1.98 μg/g).…”
“…In general, the methods used for the extraction of heavy metals from solid samples such as soil, plant and dusts can be categorised under two main groups (Turkoglu et al, 2003;Duran et al, 2012;AltundaÈ et al, 2013). The first is single extraction; and the second is sequential extraction method (Rauret, 1998;Soylak and Türkoglu, 1999;Tuzen et al, 2007;Rao et al, 2008;Zimmerman and Weindorf, 2010).…”
In this study, surface soil and corn cob samples were collected from 15 different agricultural fields of Çanakkale, Turkey. These samples were analysed to determine the concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. BCR sequential extraction was used to extract the binding forms of the metals in the soil samples. At the same time, a wet digestion method was used to determine the total concentration of heavy metals in soil and corn grain samples. The metal concentrations in the extracted phase were measured with flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by using BCR-701 and SRM1570a certified reference materials. The results revealed that the quantity of the mobile fractions (i.e., acid soluble, reducible, and oxidisable) of the Mn, Cd and Pb were higher than that of the immobile fractions (residual). This might be caused by the anthropogenic sources. Pearson's correlation was applied to determine the correlations between the selected physicochemical properties of soil samples and the amounts of heavy metals in each fraction. The pH, CaCO 3 and organic matter contents of soil samples played a dominant role in correlations of heavy metals in various forms and shapes. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to examine the relationships between the amount of heavy metal in each fraction of soil samples and the amount of heavy metal in corn grain. As a result, a firm correlation was detected between heavy metals in corn grain and more available (acid soluble and reducible) fractions. Current findings indicate that plants could uptake basically the heavy metals in acid soluble and reducible fractions. BCR sequential extraction not only provides information about potential heavy metal sources in detail and the potential mobility of heavy metals, but also provides information about the interactions between soil characteristics and metal fractions. This provides information on the bonding states of environmentally toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soil matrix, the amounts taken by the plants, and the intrusion means and rates of those metals into the food chain.
“…This ability, to accumulate metals, is utilized by modern biotechnology to remove metal contaminations from soil. However, with respect to tobacco farming for cigarette production, this ability of N. tabacum becomes a health threatening problem [3].In fact, toxic metals such as Arsenic, cobalt , cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, iron, nickel, manganese and zinc are found in different cigarette brands [4,5] .Some of these elements are toxic for humans, even at very low levels of intake. The three of the most prevalent chemicals being cadmium, nickel, and lead.…”
Smoking-related diseases can be attributed to the inhalation of many different toxins, including heavy metals, which have a host of harmful health effects. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether local and imported cigarette brands used in Iraq , have they elevated levels of metals or not .Three metals Lead (Pb) , Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium(Cr) were determined in tobacco of seventeen brands of imported cigarettes commonly available in Iraq and three Iraqi domestic cigarettes , which were randomly taken from retail market in Baghdad by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The produced data of imported and local cigarette brands were discussed and compared together and with studies from elsewhere .The results obtained showed that mean concentrations of lead for all cigarette brands was 5.87 ?g/g dry weight (range 2.27-11,67 ?g/g) , cadmium 0.57?g/g dry weight (range 0.1-1.57 ?g/g) and chromium 3.77?g/g dry weight (range 0.0-11.21 ?g/g) ..There was a large variability in Pb, Cd and Cr content of samples of cigarettes. Pb concentration was the highest, followed by Cr while Cd was the lowest. The investigation confirmed that most of the Iraqi and imported cigarettes in Iraq are contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Cr and quantitatively their distribution is clearly above the safer limits of WHO.
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