Trace Elements and Vitamin D in Gestational Diabetes

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), one of the most common pregnancy complications, is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Its prevalence varies worldwide in dependence on characteristics of the underlying population and applied diagnostic criteria. The etiology is multifactorial and not sufficiently elucidated. Available evidence suggests that the base of pathogenesis is relatively diminished insulin secretion coupled with pregnancy-induced insulin resistance. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for development have been identified. Trace elements and vitamin D could be contributed to modifiable factors for prediction the risk in a large population. Essential trace elements in pregnancy are necessary to overcome systemic oxidative, metabolic and inflammatory stress. Evidence, still inconclusive, has been accumulated about the relation between higher incidence of vitamin D failure/deficiency during pregnancy and GDM. The lower level of 25-OH vitamin D could be associated with increased risk for anemia development, also including pregnant women. This review intends to provide an overview of the possible link between both vitamin D and trace elements as risk factors for GDM development.

Low Protein Diets for Pregnant Women and Its Association with Insulin Secretion and Resistance

“…Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as an impaired glucose tolerance within the onset and duration of pregnancy [ 1 ]. Around 3.5% of pregnancies in England and Wales are complicated by GDM [ 2 ] and after delivery; a cumulative incidence of diabetes from 2.6% to over 70% in several studies that followed women from 6 weeks to 28 years postpartum was reported, adding to the existing burden of diabetes on the NHS [ 3 ]. Furthermore, a pregnancy complicated with GDM is still associated with high perinatal risk and increased neonatal mortality and morbidity [ 4 ].…”

Prevalence And Characteristics Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus At X Hospital West Jakarta For The Period Of January 2021 - April 2022

“…Generally, diabetes is defined as a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose (or blood sugar) levels (Liu et al, 2021) Diabetes mellitus that occurs in pregnant women is called as Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or commonly abbreviated as GDM (Genova et al, 2018). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus occurs when the patient's body does not make enough insulin during pregnancy (Genova et al, 2018).…”

“…Generally, diabetes is defined as a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose (or blood sugar) levels (Liu et al, 2021) Diabetes mellitus that occurs in pregnant women is called as Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or commonly abbreviated as GDM (Genova et al, 2018). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus occurs when the patient's body does not make enough insulin during pregnancy (Genova et al, 2018). This insulin hormone is a hormone produced by the pancreas and is involved in important for inserting blood sugar into body cells which will later be used as energy (Honardoost et al, 2021;Jerez Tirado & Porras Ramírez, 2021).…”

“…Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is very dangerous because it has the possibility with complications for pregnant women, such as high blood pressure, large babies, and also obstructed labour (Genova et al, 2018;Jerez Tirado & Porras Ramírez, 2021). Approximately 50% of people with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus have a risk suffering type 2 diabetes mellitus within 5 to 10 years after giving birth (Pan et al, 2015).…”