Trace Element Speciation in Poultry Litter

Abstract

kg Ϫ1 (Nicholson et al., 1999), and 743 and 501 mg kg Ϫ1 (Jackson et al., 1999). Arsenic concentration in PL is Trace elements are added to poultry feed for disease prevention variable, for example Sims and Wolf (1994; and refer-and enhanced feed efficiency. High concentrations are found in poultry litter (PL), which raises concerns regarding trace element loading ences therein) reported a range in As concentration of soils. Trace metal cation solubility from PL may be enhanced by from 0 to 77 mg kg Ϫ1 . Other studies have also reported complexation with dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Mineralization As concentrations within this range, for example 30 to of organo-As compounds may result in more toxic species such as 37 mg kg Ϫ1 (van der Watt et al., 1994), 43 mg kg Ϫ1 As(III) and As(V). Speciation of these elements in PL leachates (Moore et al., 1998), and 35 mg kg Ϫ1 (Jackson et al., should assist in predicting their fate in soil. Elemental concentrations 1999). Furthermore, there is evidence that As in PL of 40 PL samples from the southeastern USA were determined. Watermay be readily soluble; 72% of total As was solubilized soluble extractions (WSE) were fractionated into hydrophobic, anfrom PL in a water extraction (Jackson and Miller, ionic, and cationic species with solid-phase extraction columns. Arse-1999). nic speciation of seven As species, including the main As poultry feed Increased concentrations of Cu and Zn in the surface additives, roxarsone (ROX; 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) and p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA; 4-aminophenylarsonic acid), was performed horizons of soil receiving annual applications of PL have by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrome-been identified (Kingery et al., 1994). Copper and Zn try (IC-ICP-MS). Total As concentrations in the litter varied from concentrations in the surface of a soil profile that had 1 to 39 mg kg Ϫ1 , averaging 16 mg kg Ϫ1 . Mean total Cu, Ni, and Zn received PL applications over 25 yr were significantly concentrations were 479, 11, and 373 mg kg Ϫ1 , respectively. Copper higher than an unamended soil. Furthermore the results and Ni were relatively soluble (49 and 41% respectively) while only of this study suggest that Zn is fairly mobile in the profile 6% of Zn was soluble. Arsenic was highly soluble with an average (Han et al., 2000). Initial soluble As concentrations of of 71% WSE. Roxarsone was the major As species in 50% of PL Ͼ200 g L Ϫ1 were reported in runoff from a field soil samples. However, the presence of As(V) as the major species in amended with 9 Mg PL ha Ϫ1 and runoff concentrations 50% of the PL samples indicates that mineralization of ROX had 7 d after application were still Ͼ50 g L Ϫ1 (Moore et al.,

Using watershed characteristics, sediment, and tissue of resident mollusks to identify potential sources of trace elements to streams in a complex agricultural landscape

“…Both PCA and PLS regression showed no relationship of Zn with agricultural land use. Zinc is present in poultry litter and dairy manure at similar concentrations as Cu (Jackson et al 2003;McBride and Spiers 2001), but compared to Cu, Zn has a lower affinity for DOC and is considerably less soluble from poultry litter (6%; Jackson et al 2003;McBride and Spiers 2001). The PLS regression indicated a relationship between sediment Zn concentrations and total permitted WWTP discharge; their weights in the third factor were much greater than all other elements and types of land use.…”

“…The negative weight of Cu in the second factor of the PLS regression suggests that Cu is better predicted by watershed densities of poultry and dairy AFOs than the other elements generally correlated with agriculture, which may be related to land application of manure. Copper is present in poultry litter (55-1,196 μg/g;Jackson et al 2003) and dairy manure (18-1,100 μg/g; McBride and Spiers 2001), with elevated concentrations in dairy manure partially attributed to use of CuSO 4 hoof dips. Jackson et al (2003) found that 49% of Cu in poultry litter was water soluble, possibly due to formation of complexes with dissolved organic carbon (DOC).…”

“…Copper is present in poultry litter (55-1,196 μg/g;Jackson et al 2003) and dairy manure (18-1,100 μg/g; McBride and Spiers 2001), with elevated concentrations in dairy manure partially attributed to use of CuSO 4 hoof dips. Jackson et al (2003) found that 49% of Cu in poultry litter was water soluble, possibly due to formation of complexes with dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, leaching after manure application could transport Cu to streams.…”

“…Arsenic is of particular concern in poultry litter because of the addition of roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) to some poultry feeds as a growth promoter. This compound is excreted by the birds, is highly soluble in poultry litter (71%), and can be transformed to more toxic inorganic forms of As (Brown et al 2005;Jackson et al 2003). …”

The Applicability of Plasma‐Based Techniques to Biological Monitoring

“…Migration and enrichment of As and other toxic elements in soils and crop plants in areas of Korea covered with black shale were investigated by ICP-AES and ICP-MS and plant samples by INAA [103]. Trace element loading (As, Co, Ni, Zn) of soils caused by additives to poultry feed for disease prevention and enhanced feed efficiency was investigated by ICP-MS and found to lead to high concentrations in poultry litter, thus raising some concern as regards potentially toxic levels [104]. Arsenic and Pb concentrations were determined in former orchard soils contaminated with Pb arsenate pesticides at the Hanford site in Washington State (USA).…”