Trace-element compositions of sulfides from inactive Tianzuo hydrothermal field, Southwest Indian Ridge: Implications for ultramafic rocks hosting mineralization

Ding, Teng; Wang, Jia; Tao, Chunhui; Dias, Ângelo José Burla; Liang, Jin; Wang, Yuan; Chen, Jie; Wu, Bin; Huang, Hongyan

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104421

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The SWIR is one of the slowest-spreading MORs and hosts several basalt-hosted SMS deposits. The Tianzuo hydrothermal field (THF; 27 57 0 S, 63 32 0 E) is the only UM-SMS deposit discovered to date along the SWIR and comprises sulfide mineralization within serpentinized peridotite (Chen et al, 2018;Ding et al, 2021Ding et al, , 2022. Previous mineralogical research has indicated that the sulfide mineralization within the THF consists of high-temperature pyrrhotite, isocubanite, and sphalerite, and low-temperature pyrite and covellite.…”

Section: àmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high-and low-temperature minerals have the highest and lowest δ 34 S values identified to date for samples from sediment-starved MORs, respectively (Cao et al, 2018;Ding et al, 2021Ding et al, , 2022. The area contains gabbroic intrusions in addition to serpentine, meaning that these gabbroic bodies may have contributed metals and heat to the THF mineralizing system, especially for the high-temperature mineralization (Ding et al, 2022). This study presents new geochemical Chen et al, 2018) and isotopic data for different forms of sulfur and carbon within the THF, including AVS, CRS, SS, total carbon (TC), and total organic carbon (TOC).…”

Section: àmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include the Mt. Jourdanne (Münch et al, 2001;Nayak et al, 2014), Tianzuo (Cao et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2018;Ding et al, 2021Ding et al, , 2022, and Tiancheng (Chen et al, 2018) fields; however, the Mt. Jourdanne and Tiancheng fields are hosted by basalts, and the THF is the only UM-SMS deposit discovered along the SWIR to date.…”

Section: South-west Indian Ridgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first discovery of high-temperature black smokers at 21 N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR; RISE Project Group, 1980) led to numerous studies focusing on the hydrothermal activities associated with seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits in a variety of tectonic settings (e.g., Baker et al, 1996;de Ronde et al, 2011;Ding et al, 2021Ding et al, , 2022Fouquet et al, 2010;Haymon, 1983;Humphris et al, 1995;Patten et al, 2022;Tao et al, 2012Tao et al, , 2020Tivey, 2007;Zierenberg & Shanks, 1988). More than half of the hydrothermal activities and SMS deposits within these environments occur along mid-oceanic ridges (MORs; e.g., Monecke et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serpentinization and the hydration of seafloor peridotite occur over a wide range of temperatures and geological settings. Peridotites serpentinized at low (e.g., <120 C) and high (e.g., >350 C) temperatures have elevated sulfur contents that could be the result of microbial sulfate reduction and hydrothermal activity, respectively (Alt et al, 2012;Alt & Shanks, 1998, 2003Ding et al, 2021Ding et al, , 2022Schwarzenbach et al, 2012). Carbon can be also added to serpentinized peridotites and serpentinites (up to wt% contents) in the form of organic material and inorganic carbonate as a result of the microbial activity or the precipitation of inorganic carbonate, respectively (Schwarzenbach et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sulfur sources for ultramafic‐hosted sulfide mineralization in the Tianzuo hydrothermal field, 63.5° E, South‐west Indian Ridge: Insights from sulfur and carbon isotopes

et al. 2022

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To date, discovered ultramafic-hosted seafloor massive sulfide (UM-SMS) deposits are rare, remain poorly understood in terms of their genesis, and typically form along slow-and ultraslow-spreading mid-oceanic ridges. The Tianzuo hydrothermal field (THF) is the only UM-SMS deposit identified so far along the ultraslow-spreading South-west Indian Ridge (SWIR). This study presents new detailed mineralogical and S-C isotopic data for serpentinized peridotite, gabbro, serpentinite, and sulfide ore samples from the THF and to provide new insights into the processes that formed the deposit. Chromium-reduced sulfur (CRS) and sulfate-sulfur (SS) in samples of serpentinized peridotite have positive δ 34 S values (up to 10.22‰ and 20.67‰, respectively). The CRS formed through thermochemical reduction of seawater sulfate during reactions between seawater and ultramafic rocks, whereas the SS most likely occurred as dissolved sulfate phases in seawater occupying the pore space of serpentinized peridotite after exposure at the seafloor. The serpentinite samples contain SS with δ 34 S values of 19.21‰-20.9‰, indicating infiltration by seawater that led to the deposition of seawater sulfate. The sulfide ores have acid-volatile sulfur (AVS), CRS, and SS δ 34 S values of 10.99‰-12.07‰, 2.34‰-10.98‰, and À4.13‰ to 2.76‰, respectively, indicating that the AVS and CRS within the samples are dominated by sulfur reduced from seawater sulfate (e.g., anhydrite) and leached from the surrounding wall rocks, although the re-oxidization of microbial-reduced sulfur most likely generated the sulfate with low and negative δ 34 S values. The total carbon and total organic carbon δ 13 C values of the THF samples are negative and range from À21.99‰ to À0.34‰ and À26.7‰ to À21.02‰, respectively, further suggesting that the samples record microbial activity. Gabbro samples have strongly negative AVS (À10.69‰) and CRS (À7.2‰) δ 34 S values, indicating that microbial-reduced sulfur derived from shallow levels in the crust was incorporated into the hydrothermal system that circulated through the deeper-seated gabbroic units. Our results suggest

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Section: àmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: àmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: South-west Indian Ridgementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sulfur sources for ultramafic‐hosted sulfide mineralization in the Tianzuo hydrothermal field, 63.5° E, South‐west Indian Ridge: Insights from sulfur and carbon isotopes

et al. 2022

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Mineralogy and trace element geochemistry of hydrothermal sulfides from the Ari vent field, Central Indian Ridge

et al. 2023

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The Ari vent field (AVF) is an ultramafic-hosted seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposit in the middle part of the Central Indian Ridge. In this paper, we describe the detailed mineralogy and geochemistry of hydrothermal sulfide samples from the AVF, which can be classified into Fe–Cu- and Cu-rich types based on the major sulfide minerals. Sulfide mineralisation of the former type comprises: (1) stage I, early deposition of magnetite, pyrrhotite, isocubanite, chalcopyrite, and subhedral–euhedral pyrite under high-temperature fluid conditions (> 335 °C); (2) stage II, deposition of colloform pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and electrum from low-temperature fluids (< 200 °C) during the later mineralisation stage; and (3) stage III, seawater alteration that caused the precipitation of uraninite and chalcocite. This indicates that the fluids in the AVF had decreasing temperature and ƒS2 and increasing ƒO2 as mineralisation proceeded. The Cu-rich sulfide samples have mineral assemblages and a paragenesis similar to those of the Fe–Cu-rich sulfide samples, but the higher proportion of isocubanite is indicative of relatively high-temperatures and reducing conditions during mineralisation. Bulk chemical compositions of the AVF sulfides are characterised by high U contents (up to 51.9 ppm) and a distinct Sn distribution (2.1–86.4 ppm) between the two different types of hydrothermal samples, which differ from those of other ultramafic-hosted sulfide deposits. The U content is controlled mainly by the precipitation of discrete uraninite grains (< 1 μm in size) on altered surfaces of pyrite and hematite. The oxidative alteration of Fe-bearing minerals caused the fixation of seawater-derived U. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analysis showed that most trace elements occur in solid solution in the sulfide minerals, mainly controlled by the physicochemical conditions of the hydrothermal fluids (e.g. temperature, ƒS2, and ƒO2). In particular, a comparative analysis of other mid-ocean ridge systems shows that the ultramafic-hosted sphalerite and pyrite are more enriched in Sn as compared with those hosted by basaltic rocks. However, the Fe–Cu-rich sulfide samples of the AVF are Sn-poor (< 10.2 ppm), because pyrite is substantially depleted in Sn (mostly < 1 ppm) as compared with sphalerite, regardless of the effect of the ultramafic-hosted mineralisation. This indicates that in situ trace element analysis of sphalerite and pyrite, especially for Sn, can provide insights into the different hydrothermal mineralisation in basaltic- and ultramafic-hosted systems, which cannot necessarily be inferred from bulk analysis. Our comparison also suggests that the Sn contents of ultramafic-hosted SMS deposits would be a possible source of Sn for the ultramafic-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide (UM-VMS) deposit. The δ34S values (+ 6.2 to + 8.5‰) of the pyrite record thermochemical sulfate reduction of seawater, which suggests that sulfur and most metals were predominantly leached from the associated host rocks with a contribution (29–40%) from reduced seawater sulfur. In conclusion, the AVF is a rock-dominated system that contains ultramafic-hosted mineralisation in the Central Indian Ridge.

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Sulfide metallogenic model for the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge

Tao

Guo

Liang

et al. 2023

Sci. China Earth Sci.

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Trace-element compositions of sulfides from inactive Tianzuo hydrothermal field, Southwest Indian Ridge: Implications for ultramafic rocks hosting mineralization

Cited by 16 publications

References 102 publications

Sulfur sources for ultramafic‐hosted sulfide mineralization in the Tianzuo hydrothermal field, 63.5° E, South‐west Indian Ridge: Insights from sulfur and carbon isotopes

Sulfur sources for ultramafic‐hosted sulfide mineralization in the Tianzuo hydrothermal field, 63.5° E, South‐west Indian Ridge: Insights from sulfur and carbon isotopes

Mineralogy and trace element geochemistry of hydrothermal sulfides from the Ari vent field, Central Indian Ridge

Sulfide metallogenic model for the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge

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