Trace analysis of the antineoplastics ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide in sewage water by twostep solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Steger‐Hartmann, Thomas; Kümmerer, Klaus; Schecker, Jörn

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95)01063-7

Cited by 144 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…One of the LSSTPs served as a control, whereas to the other CP was continously added at a concentration of 10 g per liter of sewage. The effluents of the LSSTPs were assessed every second day for the degree of DOC degradation of the synthetic sewage, and CP content was determined in the effluent of the treated plant as described in Steger-Hartmann et al (1996).…”

Section: Degradation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of Cyclophosphamide and Its Occurrence in Sewage Water

Steger‐Hartmann¹,

Kümmerer²,

Hartmann

1997

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

159

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Section: Degradation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of Cyclophosphamide and Its Occurrence in Sewage Water

Steger‐Hartmann¹,

Kümmerer²,

Hartmann

1997

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

159

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“…Transformation of antibiotics [7,[9][10][11] has been widely studied. At present only for few pharmaceutical substances (aspirin, caffeine, clofibrate, ciclofosphamide, oestrogens, ibuprofen, naproxen) literature information on the biodegradability are available [7,[12][13][14][15]. Moreover, most studies refer to the toxicity for living organisms of antibiotic type substances [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] showing effects in the endocrine system of fish [20] even at levels of some ng/L.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water by using polycrystalline TiO2 and a nanofiltration membrane reactor

et al. 2006

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“…We identified 14 reports from the Medline and Biological Abstracts databases as well as by backtracking references from review articles where pharmaceutical residues were reported at or above the limit of quantitation of the assay (Aherne et al, 1985(Aherne et al, , 1990Richardson and Bowron, 1985;Aherne and Briggs, 1989;Holm et al, 1995;Heberer and Stan, 1996;Steger-Hartmann et al, 1996;Halling-Sorensen et al, 1998;Zuccato et al, 2000;Ternes, 2001;Tauber, 2003;Stackelberg et al, 2004;Zuhlke et al, 2004;Jones et al, 2005;Westerhoff et al, 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Potable Water: Potential Concerns for Pregnant Women and Children

Collier

2007

EcoHealth

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There has been increasing concern of late over measurable levels of pharmaceutical contaminants in drinking water. Because most data on water contaminants pertains to aquatic organisms, we wished to assess the risk of these contaminants to human health at currently reported levels. Unlike most other chemicals, there are large amounts of information for the effects of most pharmaceuticals to humans and the current model uses the clinical dose required to cause biological effects as an endpoint to assess risks for pregnant women, children, and the healthy adult population. Twenty-six drugs have been detected in water systems worldwide: 7 in drinking water, 16 in ground water and post-treatment effluent, and 3 in both. Current water treatment practices, clearly, do not always remove pharmaceutical residues. Although healthy adults are unlikely to be adversely affected at the levels of exposure reported, children were shown to have up to eightfold higher risk and may be exposed to several drugs that are contraindicated or not established for safe use in pediatric medicine. The time taken to ingest a single clinically used dose was 3.4-34,000 years. In addition, pregnant women may be exposed to several drugs that are teratogenic (range of % single doses ingested over 36 weeks was 0.0006-12.6%) and in the post-natal period to drugs that are not recommended during breastfeeding.Albeit at low levels, the exposure of pregnant women and children to contraindicated drugs through drinking water is of concern. Further research in this area should focus on integrated ecological and human health consequences of long-term, low-level exposure to pharmaceutical contaminants, particularly in pregnancy and childhood.

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Trace analysis of the antineoplastics ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide in sewage water by twostep solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Cited by 144 publications

References 18 publications

Biological Degradation of Cyclophosphamide and Its Occurrence in Sewage Water

Biological Degradation of Cyclophosphamide and Its Occurrence in Sewage Water

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water by using polycrystalline TiO2 and a nanofiltration membrane reactor

Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Potable Water: Potential Concerns for Pregnant Women and Children

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