Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water by using polycrystalline TiO2 and a nanofiltration membrane reactor

A Study on the Degradation of Carbamazepine and Ibuprofen by TiO<sub>2</sub> & ZnO Photocatalysis upon UV/Visible-Light Irradiation

“…0.2 eV difference in gap energies between valence and conduction bands; 2) the expected different adsorption behavior of both semiconductors toward CBZ, due to the different catalyst surface charge, dependent on the solution pH, and the different characteristics of each catalyst (surface area, size, morphology). It must be mentioned that the P-25 type is concerned to be the most reactive among the different TiO 2 phases, which has frequently been used as a benchmark for photocatalysis [44]. Commercial P-25, consists of a mixture of 75% anatase and 25% rutile phase with a surface area of ca.…”

Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review

“…However, the same study showed that the removal efficiency is strongly related to the initial influent concentration of each target compound. The combination of a UV/TiO 2 system was reported to be highly efficient to the complete elimination of naproxen, clofibric acid and carbamazepine [31] in addition to olfoxacin [32], and a removal efficiency ranging from 12 to 80% was reported for iomeprol [33,34]. Moreover, the use of UV/H 2 O 2 systems in the presence of humic acids resulted in very effective removal of carbamazepine and diclofenac [35] and clofibric acid [36].…”

Photocatalytic degradation of metoprolol tartrate in suspensions of two TiO2-based photocatalysts with different surface area. Identification of intermediates and proposal of degradation pathways

“…In the latest years there has been a tendency to synthesize drugs that are resistant to common biotransformation processes, with the purpose of protracting their persistence in the organism. However, very stable molecules are obtained as a result [9,10], the environmental occurrence of which at either low or high concentrations can bring harmful toxicological effects [11,12]. The persistence of APIs is not the only problem, there is also the possibility that the excreted conjugates between the drug and glucuronic acid are converted back to the parent compound, which could give a multiplied detrimental effect [1].…”