Toxicology of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air and Strategy for Further Research

Abstract

Indoor air is a variable complex mixture of chemicals and airborne particles. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) constitute a major group of indoor air pollutants encompassing diverse chemicals such as aldehydes, terpenes. and aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. Of many of these compounds, our knowledge of their possible health effects is very limited. To improve the situation, combined information should be assembled about the nature of VOC, the degree of human exposure, the number of people exposed and, most importantly, the toxicology of VOC. Evidence of carcinogenic potential in animals is convincing for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde vapor. Formaldehyde carcinogenesis is a highdose phenomenon with a determining role for cytolethahty. This may also be true for acetaldehyde carcinogenesis, but further studies are needed to verify this assumption. Being a reactive, potent DNA-protein cross-linker and a major indoor air contaminant, acrolein should be tested in a long-term rat inhalation carcinogenicity study. Studies with combinations of aldehydes, including superimposed peak exposures, would contribute a great deal to a realistic health hazard assessment of this class of compounds. Short-term inhalation toxicity studies, including toxicokinetics of a number of relevant terpenes. are deemed desirable to find out whether this category of chemicals forms a priority indoor air issue. Benzene is a human carcinogen at high hemotoxic exposure levels. There is evidence to suggest that at non-hemotoxic exposure concentrations the risk of leukemia decreases more than proportionally, soon becoming negligibly small. In comparison with benzene, detoxification of toluene and xylene is rapid which may explain the non-carcinogenicity of these benzene homologues. In nonoccupational situations, indoor air hexane concentrations are orders of magnitude lower than exposure levels associated with clinically overt neuropathy. Therefore, hexane is not regarded as an indoor air pollutant of major concern. Main elements of a strategy for further toxicological studies of (VOC in) indoor air include: (a) setting of priorities for testing individual compounds, classes of compounds and combinations of compounds; (b) identification of the type of information to be assembled; (c) prediction and experimental verification of synergism or additiveness between compounds; (d) application of biologically or physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to optimize extrapolation of toxicodynamic data obtained in fixed-time animal experiments to low-dose/long-time human situations, and (e) (geno)toxicity testing of relevant existing combinations of chemicals (e.g. 20 to 30) at concentrations of, e.g., a factor 3 or 10 higher than those occurring in indoor air. Studies along the lastmentioned practical line may be very helpful in narrowing down the number of indoor situations of real health concern.

Etude de la pollution de l'air par les composés carbonylés à l'intérieur de différents locaux

“…Les com posés organiq ues vo latils (CO V) constitu ent un groupe important de po lluants de l'air à l'intérieu r des locau x [1] (loca ux d'habitation, de travail, ou des tinés à recevoir le public). Ils peuvent y être libérés à pa rtir de matériaux de co nstruct ion (mousses d'isolation par exem ple), de certains mobilie rs (en bois aggloméré) , revêtements (moquettes ou tapisseries encollées, peintures,...), ou proven ir de diverses activi tés humaines (culinaires, tabag iques, scol aires, profession nelles, bricolage,...).…”

“…Les princip ales sources de ce s aé ro-co nta mi na nts son t indiq uées da ns le Ta ble au 1 [1,2,4]. Les dosages dans l'air ont été réalisées dans diffé rents locaux.…”

Health Risks from Indoor Air Pollutants: Public Alarm and Toxicological Reality

“…Formaldehyde is very irritating to the mucosae of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, particularly the nose [54]. Nasal toxicity is characterised by inhibition of mucociliary function, rhinitis and necrosis.…”

“…It is an irritant compound and a genotoxic carcinogen. Whilst the nasal cancers produced by formaldehyde seem to be due to cytolethality, this has not been shown to be the case with acetaldehyde and at present it is probably wise to consider it a potential human cancer risk factor [54]. Although acrolein is a combustion product it is also produced by photo-oxidation of hydrocarbons by ozone or oxygen atoms or free radicals.…”

“…In experiments on hamsters [61] and in rabbits and rats acrolein has been shown to cause inflammatory changes and metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium of the nose. Genotoxicity studies on acrolein have produced conflicting results [54].…”