Toxicology of Mono-, Di-, and Triethanolamine

Knaak, James B.; Leung, Hon‐Wing; Stott, William T.; Busch, J.; Bilsky, J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2272-9_1

Cited by 65 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…While still corrosive and/or moderately toxic, the safety characteristics of ethanolamine and DMSO (often used as a vehicle for drug delivery) are potentially more desirable than those of hydrazine. [57,58] Application of this solvent system also demonstrates that hydrazine use as a solvent during film deposition is not essential for successful film fabrication.…”

Section: In 2 Se 3 Filmsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Solution Processing of Chalcogenide Semiconductors via Dimensional Reduction

Mitzi¹

2009

Advanced Materials

214

192

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The quest to develop thin‐film solution processing approaches that offer low‐cost and preferably low‐temperature deposition, while simultaneously providing quality semiconductor characteristics, has become an important thrust within the materials community. While inorganic compounds offer the potential for outstanding electronic properties relative to organic systems, the very nature of these materials rendering them good electronic materials—namely strong covalent bonding—also leads to poor solubility. This review presents a “dimensional reduction” approach to improving the solubility of metal chalcogenide semiconductors, which generally involves breaking the extended framework up into discrete metal chalcogenide anions separated by small and volatile cationic species. The resulting soluble precursor may be solution‐processed into thin‐film form and thermally decomposed to yield the desired semiconductor. Several applications of this principle to the solution deposition of high‐performance active layers for transistors (channel mobility >10 cm2 V−1 s−1), solar cells (power conversion efficiency of as high as 12%), and fundamental materials study will be presented using hydrazine as the deposition solvent.

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Section: In 2 Se 3 Filmsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Solution Processing of Chalcogenide Semiconductors via Dimensional Reduction

Mitzi¹

2009

Advanced Materials

214

192

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“…Proteins embedded in outer cell membranes (ATPbinding cassette ABC transporters; P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, and breast cancer resistance protein) regulate the movement of chloride ions, nutrients, and structurally diverse compounds across cell membranes (Robey et al 2010). Knaak et al (1997) reviewed the affects of drinking water and dietary levels of mono-, di-, and tri-ethanolamine in animals. A single large dose of either ethanolamine or diethanolamine produces an increase in the formation of liver phospholipids (choline and noncholine).…”

Section: Biomembranes and Ion Channelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters for Pyrethroid Insecticide QSAR and PBPK/PD Models for Human Risk Assessment

Knaak

Dary²,

Zhang

et al. 2012

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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In this review we have examined the status of parameters required by pyrethroid QSAR-PBPK/PD models for assessing health risks. In lieu of the chemical,biological, biochemical, and toxicological information developed on the pyrethroids since 1968, the finding of suitable parameters for QSAR and PBPK/PD model development was a monumental task. The most useful information obtained came from rat toxicokinetic studies (i.e., absorption, distribution, and excretion), metabolism studies with 14C-cyclopropane- and alcohol-labeled pyrethroids, the use of known chiral isomers in the metabolism studies and their relation to commercial products. In this review we identify the individual chiralisomers that have been used in published studies and the chiral HPLC columns available for separating them. Chiral HPLC columns are necessary for isomer identification and for developing kinetic values (Vm,, and Kin) for pyrethroid hydroxylation. Early investigators synthesized analytical standards for key pyrethroid metabolites, and these were used to confirm the identity of urinary etabolites, by using TLC. These analytical standards no longer exist, and muste resynthesized if further studies on the kinetics of the metabolism of pyrethroids are to be undertaken.In an attempt to circumvent the availability of analytical standards, several CYP450 studies were carried out using the substrate depletion method. This approach does not provide information on the products formed downstream, and may be of limited use in developing human environmental exposure PBPK/PD models that require extensive urinary metabolite data. Hydrolytic standards (i.e., alcohols and acids) were available to investigators who studied the carboxylesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of several pyrethroid insecticides. The data generated in these studies are suitable for use in developing human exposure PBPK/PD models.Tissue:blood partition coefficients were developed for the parent pyrethroids and their metabolites, by using a published mechanistic model introduced by Poulin and Thiele (2002a; b) and log DpH 7.4 values. The estimated coefficients, especially those of adipose tissue, were too high and had to be corrected by using a procedure in which the proportion of parent or metabolite residues that are unbound to plasma albumin is considered, as described in the GastroPlus model (Simulations Plus, Inc.,Lancaster, CA). The literature suggested that Km values be adjusted by multiplying Km by the substrate (decimal amount) that is unbound to microsomal or CYPprotein. Mirfazaelian et al. (2006) used flow- and diffusion-limited compartments in their deltamethrin model. The addition of permeability areas (PA) having diffusion limits, such as the fat and slowly perfused compartments, enabled the investigators to bring model predictions in line with in vivo data.There appears to be large differences in the manner and rate of absorption of the pyrethroids from the gastrointestinal tract, implying that GI advanced compartmental transit models (ACAT) need to be included in PBPK mo...

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“…There are several reasons for selecting T. Firstly, T is widely used in excipients for injection solution and a recent clinical study demonstrated that T appeared to be generally free of any irritating effect below a concentration of 5%. [17][18][19][20] Secondly, Te, De, P, D and M are more irritant than T, and it is possible that these amines may damage the stratum corneum of the skin. Consequently, these amines are not ideally suited for investigating the enhancing mechanism, although the TeEI, DeEI, MEI and PEI system have a strong enhancing effect on skin permeation of MA.…”

Section: Effect Of the Tei System On The Skin Permeation Of Drugmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enhancing Effect of a Triethanolamine-Ethanol-Isopropyl Myristate Mixed System on the Skin Permeation of Acidic Drugs.

Fang

Kobayashi²,

Numajiri

et al. 2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Although the transdermal drug delivery system, used as non-oral alternative systemic drug delivery system, is a convenient system form for primary and intensive home care (since it does not involve direct injection through the skin), the skin barrier prevents the passage of most drugs. To overcome the skin barrier function temporarily, various physical (iontophoresis, ultrasound, electoporation) and chemical (penetration enhancers, prodrugs) method or their combinations have been used to achieve enhanced transdermal drug transport.1) Among these methods, the most widely used to enhance permeation of stratum corneum barrier are the chemical penetration enhancers.2) Despite the large amount of research and the many different chemical enhancers identified, few have yet reached the market place, because in most of cases, there is a linear correlation between the enhancement effects and skin toxicity.3) This has stimulated research into the combined use of two or more safe and known types of additives. [4][5][6] We have reported a greatly increased effect of l-menthol-ethanol-water (MEW) system on the skin permeation of morphine and several cardiovascular agents compared with their use as single agents. 7,8) The MEW system has a non-selective enhancing effect on a range of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, and this unselective effect is due to the delipidation of the stratum corneum. This produces skin irritation.9) This result suggests that, if a drug-selective enhancer can be found, it should be possible to minimize the skin irritation. We have found that a lipophilic multicomponent system consisted of L-lactic acid (1%), ethanol (10%) and isopropyl myristate (LEI) system selectively enhances the skin permeation of basic drugs and causes very little skin irritation. [10][11][12] On the other hand, there are many acidic drugs such as NSAIDs which are potentially effective and used routinely in clinical situations. Therefore, it is worthwhile developing a skin permeation enhancer, which would be selective for acidic drugs. In the present study, we have studied a lipophilic multicomponent system consisted of triethanolamine, ethanol and isopropyl myristate (TEI) system, based on our earlier LEI system. MATERIALS AND METHODS MaterialsMefenamic acid (MA), monoethanolamine (M), diethanolamine (D), triethanolamine (T) diethylamine (De), triethylamine (Te), propanolamine (P) and aminopyrine, were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Ind., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Ketoprofen was supplied by Nissan Chemical Ind., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) was supplied by Toko Pharmaceutical Ind. Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Ibuprofen and ketotifen fumarate were obtained from Nissei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Diclofenac sodium, antipyrine and isopropyl myristate (IPM) were obtained from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Dehydrated ethanol (E) (JP grade) was purchased from Imazu Yakuhin Kogyo K. K. (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals and solvents were of reagent grade.Animals Male hairless rats (WBN/ILA-Ht)...

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Toxicology of Mono-, Di-, and Triethanolamine

Cited by 65 publications

References 68 publications

Solution Processing of Chalcogenide Semiconductors via Dimensional Reduction

Solution Processing of Chalcogenide Semiconductors via Dimensional Reduction

Parameters for Pyrethroid Insecticide QSAR and PBPK/PD Models for Human Risk Assessment

The Enhancing Effect of a Triethanolamine-Ethanol-Isopropyl Myristate Mixed System on the Skin Permeation of Acidic Drugs.

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