Toxicology of gallates: A review and evaluation

Heijden, C.A. van der; Janssen, P.J.C.M.; Strik, J.J.T.W.A.

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(86)90290-5

Cited by 98 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…5,6) Besides the antioxidant activity, other biological activities have been described for this group of molecules, mainly anticancer, 7-10) antibacterial and antifungal properties. [11][12][13][14][15][16] There are few reports about the antiviral activity of these compounds.…”

Section: 4)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4) The synthetic n-alkyl esters of gallic acid (GA), also known as gallates, especially propyl, octyl and dodecyl gallates, are widely employed as antioxidants by food and pharmaceutical industries. 5,6) Besides the antioxidant activity, other biological activities have been described for this group of molecules, mainly anticancer, [7][8][9][10] antibacterial and antifungal properties. [11][12][13][14][15][16] There are few reports about the antiviral activity of these compounds.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Anti-HSV-2 Activity of Gallic Acid and Pentyl Gallate

Kratz

Andrighetti-Fröhner

Leal

et al. 2008

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

127

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a DNA-containing enveloped virus that causes common viral infections in humans worldwide leading to a variety of diseases. HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be distinguished on the basis of clinical manifestations (the former is more frequently associated with oral cold sores, while the later causes genital ulcers) and biochemical and serological examinations. In most cases, HSV infection is usually benign or asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals; however, in patients with an immature or compromised immune system, the infection can be serious and sometimes life-threatening. 1,2) Several nucleoside analogues have been approved for clinical use. Among those, acyclovir is widely used for the systemic treatment of HSV infections. It is a highly selective antiviral agent because it is specifically phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase in infected cells. However, acyclovir-resistant HSV infection in immunocompromised patients such as transplanted patients and patients with AIDS has recently been observed. Therefore, it is desirable to develop new anti-HSV agents in order to substitute or complement the antiviral drugs available. 3,4)The synthetic n-alkyl esters of gallic acid (GA), also known as gallates, especially propyl, octyl and dodecyl gallates, are widely employed as antioxidants by food and pharmaceutical industries. 5,6) Besides the antioxidant activity, other biological activities have been described for this group of molecules, mainly anticancer, 7-10) antibacterial and antifungal properties. [11][12][13][14][15][16] There are few reports about the antiviral activity of these compounds. In 1988, the potent inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2 by methyl gallate was described. 17) In 2000, as part of the screening of phenolic compounds against HIV-1 integrase, gallic acid was found to be active. 18)More recently, the anti-HSV activity of several gallates was described by our research group, which proposed various structure-activity relationships regarding the antiviral, antioxidant and genotoxic effects.19) Furthermore, the pronounced anti-HSV-1 activity of octyl gallate, and its inhibitory effect against RNA viruses were also recently described. 20,21) In the present study, the anti-HSV-2 activity of gallic acid and pentyl gallate was evaluated followed by the determination of the site of antiviral activity of these compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODSCompounds GA and pentyl gallate (PG) (Fig. 1) were synthesized as previously described.19) The compounds (50 mM) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, stored at Ϫ20°C protected from light, and further diluted in culture medium prior to use.Cells and Virus African green monkey kidney cells (GMK AH1) were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM, Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, U.S.A.) supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum (FSC), 0.05% primaton substance (Kraft Inc., Norwich, CT, U.S.A.), 100 U/ml Göteborg, Sweden. Received November 23, 2007; accepted February 5, 2008; published online February 20, 2008 The synthetic n-alkyl esters of galli...

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Section: 4)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Anti-HSV-2 Activity of Gallic Acid and Pentyl Gallate

Kratz

Andrighetti-Fröhner

Leal

et al. 2008

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

127

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“…Long-term toxicity studies in rats and mice have shown that no effects were observed at doses as high as 1000 mg kg À1 feed. In 1976, the FAO/ WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for man of 0.2 mg kg À1 body weight as a sum of propyl, octyl and LG (Van der Heijden et al, 1986).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumoricidal activity of lauryl gallate towards chemically induced skin tumours in mice

Ortega

Sádaba

Ortiz³

et al. 2003

Br J Cancer

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“…Gallic acid (3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a plant phenolic that is often obtained by alkaline and acid hydrolysis of tannins. This compound and its synthetic analogue propylgallate are widely used as food additives, since the available toxicological evidence indicates that these gallates can be safely used as antioxidants [9]. Reports also indicate that propylgallate is not carcinogenic in rats or mice [ 10] nor does it possess any tumor-initiating and/or tumor-promoting activities [ 11 ] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Carcinogen-Metabolizing Enzymes by Gallic Acid and Its Synthetic Analogue Propylgallate in Mice.

Hundal

Jnagal

Khanduja

et al. 1995

J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.

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SummaryDietary administration of phenolics, gallic acid, and its synthetic analogue propylgallate at varying dose levels for the period of 4 and 8 weeks to inbred male Swiss mice resulted in a significant increase in hepatic cytochrome P-450 (Cyt P-450) without any alteration in arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and cytochrome b5 (Cyt b5) activities. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) showed a significant elevation by these phenolics in both liver and lungs. However, they had a differential effect on the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in both organs. Increased levels of GST and GSH elicited by these phenolics may protect the organism from the insult of various toxic carcinogenic chemicals.

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Toxicology of gallates: A review and evaluation

Cited by 98 publications

References 8 publications

Evaluation of Anti-HSV-2 Activity of Gallic Acid and Pentyl Gallate

Evaluation of Anti-HSV-2 Activity of Gallic Acid and Pentyl Gallate

Tumoricidal activity of lauryl gallate towards chemically induced skin tumours in mice

Modulation of Carcinogen-Metabolizing Enzymes by Gallic Acid and Its Synthetic Analogue Propylgallate in Mice.

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