Toxicology of Aldicarb

Baron, Ronald L.; Merriam, T. L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3876-8_1

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The transient inhibition makes assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity difficult because acetylcholinesterase activity may be reactivated spontaneously in vivo or following incubation or storage. 2,9 There are several methods for determining acetylcholinesterase activity based on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine or a synthetic ester. 10 Significant inhibition of cholinesterase activity was detected in retina, brain, and whole blood using a rapid spectrophotometric method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aldicarb Toxicosis in a Flock of Sheep

et al. 1992

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Abstract. Abstract. Aldicarb toxicosis was diagnosed in 200 sheep that died suddenly. Carbamate insecticide toxicosis Aldicarb toxicosis was diagnosed in 200 sheep that died suddenly. Carbamate insecticide toxicosis was suspected based on observed clinical signs (hypersalivation, diarrhea, urination, paddling, seizures, miosis, was suspected based on observed clinical signs (hypersalivation, diarrhea, urination, paddling, seizures, miosis, and deaths occurring within 1 hour). Tissue samples were submitted from 4 Columbian ewes for pathologic and deaths occurring within 1 hour). Tissue samples were submitted from 4 Columbian ewes for pathologic and analytical evaluation. Severe diffuse pulmonary edema was observed on gross and histologic examination. and analytical evaluation. Severe diffuse pulmonary edema was observed on gross and histologic examination. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity in retina (21.2-68.1% of normal activity, n = 3), brain (40.6-45.6% of normal activity, n = 3), and whole blood (27% of normal activity, n = 3), and whole blood (27% of normal activity, n = 1) supported a diagnosis of carbamate 1) supported a diagnosis of carbamate toxicosis. Reversal of brain and whole blood cholinesterase activities (reactivation factor > 1.4) following an toxicosis. Reversal of brain and whole blood cholinesterase activities (reactivation factor > 1.4) following an in vitro 1 hour incubation at 37 C was also consistent with carbamate poisoning. Aldicarb toxicosis was confirmed following its detection in rumen contents at 1.5, 5.5, and 334 ppm using both high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection and gas chromatography with nitrogen/phosphorus detection. raphy with UV detection and gas chromatography with nitrogen/phosphorus detection.Aldicarb (2-methyl-2[methylthio]propionaldehyde O-[methylcarbamoyl]-oxime) (Temik®) is a highly toxic carbamate insecticide. Carbamate insecticides are potent reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase activity. A toxic dose of aldicarb produces severe cholinergic signs including salivation, urination, defecation, ataxia, dyspnea, seizures, and death. The onset of clinical signs is rapid, and the severity is dependent on the dose, route of exposure, and species involved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples were filtered and kg. 2 Aldicarb inhibits acetylcholinesterase, causing inreduced to 1 ml under a stream of dry nitrogen gas before creased acetylcholine concentrations at cholinergic jector, 135 C; detector, 275 C; column oven, 45 C. Hold time analysis. A high-pressure liquid chromatogram equipped with a UV detector (220 nm) was used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aldicarb Toxicosis in a Flock of Sheep

et al. 1992

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“…In human subjects, following two preliminary analyses of blood acetylcholinesterase activity, groups consisting of four adult male volunteers each were given aqueous solutions of aldicarb at acute oral doses of 0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg. In a similar trial, two subjects were given doses of 0.05 or 0.26 mg/kg (Baron & Merriam, 1988;WHO, 1991;FAO/WHO, 1993). In both trials, individuals were monitored prior to aldicarb exposure and served as their own controls.…”

Section: Studies Of Carbamates Toxicity In Volunteersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Forensic View of Pesticide Poisonings in Brazil

Sabino¹,

Rozenbaum²,

Oliveira³

2011

Pesticides in the Modern World - Effects of Pesticides Exposure

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“…The toxicology database contains more than 280 animal studies on 12 species of animals, 2 clinical human trials and over 20 human monitoring studies (1,2). The signs and symptoms of acute aldicarb-poisoning are characteristic of that of other organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides.…”

Section: Mammalian Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In human subjects following two preliminary analyses of blood acetylcholinesterase activity, groups consisting of four adult male volunteers each were given aqueous solutions of aldicarb at acute oral doses of 0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg; in a similar trial, two subjects were given doses of 0.05 or 0.26 mg/kg (1,2,13). In both trials, individuals were monitored prior to aldicarb exposure and served as their own controls.…”

Section: Mammalian Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A carbamate insecticide: a case study of aldicarb.

Baron

1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Aldicarb, the active ingredient in the insecticide TEMIK, was introduced to the agricultural community over 25 years ago. It has been registered worldwide to control a wide variety of insect, mite, and nematode pests in agriculture. The toxicological research database supporting the registration and use of aldicarb was generated over more than 25 years and contains more than 280 animal studies on 12 species of animals, 2 clinical human trials, and over 20 human monitoring studies. This database, which includes biochemical aspects (metabolism and mode-of-action studies), acute toxicity and special short-term toxicity studies, long-term toxicity studies, and epidemiological observations in humans, serves as the starting point for the evaluation of the risks associated with the acceptance of levels of aldicarb residues in food and drinking water and for the more direct occupational exposure. This article highlights the available toxicological data and reviews worldwide regulation of aldicarb. Included in these discussions is a brief description of the toxicological end point upon which regulatory decisions have been based, namely acetylcholinesterase depression. Aldicarb, the N-methylcarbamic acid ester of 2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde oxime, was the first of a limited group of insecticidal oxime Nmethylcarbamates that have properties distinct from N-methylcarbamates which have a phenolic constituent, instead of the oxime moiety. Aldicarb is highly water-soluble (approximately 6000 ppm), nonvolatile, relatively stable under acidic conditions, and is easily degraded under alkaline conditions. These properties are important determinants of its systemic action in plants and of its problematic environmental behavior. ing acetylcholinesterase in nerve synapses and myoneural junctions. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by these insecticides involves the formation of an enzymeinhibitor complex followed by the reaction of this inhibitor at the active site of the enzyme, which generates either a carbamoylated or phosphorylated enzyme. Phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase is relatively stable, so that inhibition is virtually irreversible after a phenomenon defined as aging has occurred. However, carbamoylated acetylcholinesterase can be readily, and spontaneously hydrolyzed to regenerate the original form of the active enzyme. Although the carbamoylated enzyme is sufficiently stable to disrupt cholinergic transmission, acetylcholinesterase activity is rapidly regenerated following subacute doses. Repeated subacute dosing with cholinergic N-methylcarbamate insecticides does not lead to cumulative intoxication, based on what is known about the insecticides' mode of action and the general physicochemical properties of the chemical class.While not being readily defined in pharmacokinetic terms, the qualitative and quantitative metabolic pattern of degradation in plants and animals is well known. Aldicarb is quickly oxidized to aldicarb sulfoxide and more slowly to aldicarb sulfone, before undergoing hydrolytic breakdown t...

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Toxicology of Aldicarb

Cited by 25 publications

References 56 publications

Aldicarb Toxicosis in a Flock of Sheep

Aldicarb Toxicosis in a Flock of Sheep

A Forensic View of Pesticide Poisonings in Brazil

A carbamate insecticide: a case study of aldicarb.

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