Toxicological evaluation of the leaves of Guiera senegalensis (J.F. Gme), Cassia occidentalis (Linn), and Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam)

Abstract

Background: There is a renewed global interest in plant-based medicine in the last few decades as a result of affordability and efficacy of the form of medicine. However, the safety of many medicinal plants and plant preparations has not been determined. To this end, this study determined the safety of the methanol extracts of the leaves of Guiera senegalensis, Cassia occidentalis, and Ziziphus mauritiana, which are plants commonly used in plant medicine in Africa. Results: Phytochemistry of the plants' extracts showed alkaloids were the most abundant phytochemical in the extracts, followed by tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides, respectively. All the rats behaved normally at doses up to 2000 mg kg −1 , while at 3000 mg kg −1 , rats in C. occidentalis group developed breathing problems. At 5000 mg kg −1 , C. occidentalis group showed convulsion, whereas Z. mauritiana and G. senegalensis rats displayed temporary weakness. After 60-day dosing, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT, TP, and ALB) of most of the test rats compared with the control. Kidney function test showed the Na + , K + , Cl − , urea, and creatinine of the test rats were reduced compared with the control, but only significant (p < 0.05) in a few of the parameters. Fatty metamorphosis, lymphocytic infiltration, and karyorrhexis were observed in the liver tissues of the treated rats, but not in the control. Conclusion: These results show the plants are nontoxic at moderate doses, but could be injurious at high doses or if taken repeatedly for an extended period.

Influence of ABO blood groups and demographic characteristics on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Lagos, southwest Nigeria

“…This study was carried out at Alimosho and Isolo General Hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. Lagos is the capital of Lagos State on latitudes 6° 30′ N-6° 40′ N and longitudes 3° 00′ E-4° 00′ E (Yahaya et al 2019). The state is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the south, Benin Republic on the west, and Ogun State on the north and east.…”

Analysis of Antimicrobial Compound in Ziziphus Mauritiana Extract using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR)

“…The restraint zone got was discovered to be 21 mm and 22 mm separately, which is a lot more modest than that acquired by the screen, 26 mm and 28 mm individually. It very well may be induced from the outcomes over that the Ziziphus mauritiana-AgNPs show specific movement against S. Auroraeus [25].…”

Traditional medicinal plants used for treating emerging and re-emerging viral diseases in northern Nigeria

“… Used to treat enteric problems and worms in Nigeria [31] . Powdered infusion of root is used to treat hepatitis in Burkina Faso [15] Induced 75% inhibition of poliovirus, astrovirus and HSV [31] Plant is nontoxic at moderate doses but could be toxic at high dose over prolonged time [191] Poliomyelitis, yellow fever, smallpox, COVID-19, meningitis, hepatitis, monkey pox Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir Used to treat typhoid, diarrhea, anemia in Cameroun, skin diseases in Ghana, analgesic and treatment of toothache in Guinea, Chronic diarrhea in Tanzania and Rwanda.…”