Toxicological effects of the rare earth element neodymium in Mytilus galloprovincialis

Abstract

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A first attempt to evaluate the toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin exposed to rare earth elements

“…The increased mobilisation and concentration of REEs in water systems could have significant impacts primarily to aquatic organisms (Freitas et al, 2020). The REE-content in seawater can be determined by factors relating to different input sources (e.g., terrestrial, hydrothermal) and scavenging processes related to depth, salinity, and oxygen levels (Greaves et al, 1999;Nozaki, 2001).…”

Enhanced Rare Earth Element Mobilization in a Mountain Watershed of the Colorado Mineral Belt with Concomitant Detection in Aquatic Biota: Increasing Climate Change-Driven Degradation to Water Quality

“…As shown for Nd, Y, Ce, and La, the contents of individual REEs in the biomass of the macroinvertebrates were in the range of 10–70 nmol/g dry mass. These REE contents are generally an order of magnitude greater than values reported in the limited studies of pristine and human-impacted streams. , In addition, the Nd contents were about 5-fold higher than found in the tissue of a marine mussel experimentally exposed to 40 μg/L of Nd for a 4-week period . Further, the REE contents were intermediate between the contents for Pb and Cd, both of which are recognized trace metal toxicants for aquatic biota .…”

What do we know about the ecotoxicological implications of the rare earth element gadolinium in aquatic ecosystems?

“…Published literature concerning REEs showed that aquatic organisms are able to uptake REEs from waters (Cyris, 2013;Rogowska et al, 2018;Freitas et al, 2020aFreitas et al, , 2020bMestre et al, 2019;Pinto et al, 2019) and from sediments (Pastorino et al, 2020). Like other chemical elements, Gd toxicity is influenced by the characteristics of the organisms exposed such as age, size, the type of exposure (chronicfor a long period of time; or acutefor a short period of time) and the concentrations of other REEs in solution.…”

“…Gadolinium and in general all REEs toxicity studies have focused particularly on species of economic interest or those related directly to public health, such as the bacteria Vibrio fischeri (González et al, 2015), the algae Raphidocelis subcapitata and those belonging to Chlorella species (Hao et al, 1997;Fujiwara et al, 2008;Balusamy et al, 2015;González et al, 2015;Joonas et al, 2017). Nevertheless, researches involving more marine and freshwater species have been reported recently, thus covering a greater biodiversity (Blaise et al, 2018;Pinto et al, 2019;Duarte and Caçador, 2020;Freitas et al, 2020aFreitas et al, , 2020bHenriques et al, 2019;Moreira et al, 2020).…”

“…Pollutants discharged in water environments usually changes cellular balance between prooxidant mechanisms and antioxidant defences of the target cell. In particular, studies employing marine (Freitas et al, 2020a(Freitas et al, , 2020bHenriques et al, 2019;Pinto et al, 2019;Mestre et al, 2019) and freshwater (Hanana et al, 2017;Perrat et al, 2017;Blinova et al, 2018) species, demonstrated that they are negatively affected by REEs, which often cause alterations on the oxidative status of the animals. These chemicals can both reduce the antioxidants capacity to eliminate oxyradicals or enhance the intracellular formation of the so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS).…”