Toxicological, anticholinesterase, antilipidemic, antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of Grewia optiva Drummond ex Burret extracts

Abstract

BackgroundIn this study, Grewia optiva Drummond ex Burret root extracts were assessed for use as a remedy for oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus and neurological disorders.MethodsThe antioxidative potentials of the extracts were determined using DPPH and ABTS assays, whereas their enzyme inhibitory potentials were determined against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glucosidase and α-amylase. In the in vivo experiments, methanol extract was orally administered to mice (n = 5) at four doses of 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg kg–1 for 30 days and its effect on glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, etc. were investigated.ResultsThe highest free radical scavenging activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals were recorded for the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, and their respective IC50 values were 75 and 88 μg/mL. In addition, these two fractions were highly active in inhibiting AChE and BChE, with IC50 values of 120 and 185 μg/mL, respectively. Moderate inhibition (μg/mL) was recorded against α-glucosidase (69.02 ± 1.02 and 64.29 ± 2.41) and α-amylase (65.12 ± 2.02 and 63.29 ± 1.41) and these were comparable to the inhibitory activities exhibited by the standard, acarbose. All the extracts showed high phenolic and flavonoid contents, which correlated with their antioxidant, anticholinesterase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities. The phenolic compounds in the crude extract and fractions were determined using the standard HPLC method and bioactive compounds, namely, morin, ellagic acid, kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyl-diglucoside)-7-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-(caffeoyl-diglucoside)-7-glucoside, etc., which were detected at various retention times. Significant decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride and blood glucose levels were observed.ConclusionG. optiva is a good source of antioxidants and other phytochemicals, some of which possess anticholinesterase, anti-glucosidase, and anti-amylase activities, and can be used to treat different health conditions such as oxidative stress, neurological disorders, and diabetes mellitus.

Naringin Attenuates Aluminum Induced Cognitive Deficits in Rats

“…In addition, the onset of few neurodegenerative diseases was involved with AChE enzyme. 7 Chronic exposure of naringin (25 mg/kg) produces a minimal effect on the performance of rats in the redial and water maze tasks; while in large dose (100 mg/kg) formed its maximum responses. The cholinergic system plays an active role in several physiological processes like learning, memory and synaptic plasticity.…”

“…The superoxide semi-reduced radical ions formed due to Al intoxication can cause cognitive deficiency and dementia in the brain, 5 suggesting the influence of Al and superoxide radical interactions in the promotion of superoxide associated biological oxidation. 6,7 Furthermore, the exposure of Al can result in its CNS accumulation and induces the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. This results in increased lipid peroxidation and altering the brain oxidative mechanisms that might promote β-amyloid peptide deposition and formation.…”

Bio-Potency and Molecular Docking Studies of Isolated Compounds from Grewia optiva J.R. Drumm. ex Burret

“…Hiba et al have reported the isolation of octanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, and eicosanoic acid from Grewia tenax [ 6 ]. Additionally, previously, we evaluated the Grewia optiva extracts for different biological potentials and isolated eight compounds from this plant [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

“…The search for natural antioxidants present in medicinal plants is very important due to their potential for extensive use in practical applications [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Additionally, natural compounds have been found to be promising in treating some neurodegenerative diseases [ 9 ]. For instance, two clinically approved drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), i.e., rivastigmine and galantamine, are derived from plant sources.…”

“…Acetylcholine (ACh) and butyrylcholine (BCh) are important neurotransmitters in the procurement and storage of transmitted memory and are involved in the transmission of impulses across the synapse. Their levels are reduced in AD [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. To restore and control the activities of ACh and BCh at the synapse, inhibitors of their respective cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are used [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”