Toxicological and biochemical response to azinphos‐methyl in Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) among orchards from the Argentinian Patagonia
Abstract:All the field populations evaluated exhibited some degree of azinphos-methyl tolerance in relation to the laboratory susceptible strain. Biochemical results demonstrated that esterases are at least one of the principal mechanisms involved in tolerance to this insecticide.
“…Arjantin'de (Soleno et al, 2003(Soleno et al, , 2004(Soleno et al, , 2008 ve İspanya'da (Rodriguez et al, 2011b) yapılan çalışmalarda elde edilen yüksek seviyelerdeki EST enzim aktivitesinin organikfosforlulara karşı direnç ile ilgili olduğunu bildirilmiştir.…”
SummaryThis study was carried out to determine the resistance to insecticides of European Grapevine Moth, the main pest of vineyards between 2011-2014. Using the diet method, Lethal Concentration (LC) values of four different insecticides were determined in 10 different European Grapevine Moth populations and then the resistance coefficients were calculated comparing these values with susceptible population. LC50 values were about 6 fold for chlorpyrifos-ethyl in Sarıgöl-2 population, about 5 fold for deltamethrin in Salihli population, about 6 fold for indoxacarb in Ahmetli population, about 6.5 fold for spinosad in Sarıbey population. These results suggest that these populations have developed resistance against the used insecticides. Enzyme activities of AChE, EST and GST were determined in 10 populations. No significant difference was detected in GST enzyme activities of the populations. In Sarıgöl-2 population, AChE enzyme activity was 5 fold while EST enzyme activity was 1.5 fold higher than the susceptible population.
“…Arjantin'de (Soleno et al, 2003(Soleno et al, , 2004(Soleno et al, , 2008 ve İspanya'da (Rodriguez et al, 2011b) yapılan çalışmalarda elde edilen yüksek seviyelerdeki EST enzim aktivitesinin organikfosforlulara karşı direnç ile ilgili olduğunu bildirilmiştir.…”
SummaryThis study was carried out to determine the resistance to insecticides of European Grapevine Moth, the main pest of vineyards between 2011-2014. Using the diet method, Lethal Concentration (LC) values of four different insecticides were determined in 10 different European Grapevine Moth populations and then the resistance coefficients were calculated comparing these values with susceptible population. LC50 values were about 6 fold for chlorpyrifos-ethyl in Sarıgöl-2 population, about 5 fold for deltamethrin in Salihli population, about 6 fold for indoxacarb in Ahmetli population, about 6.5 fold for spinosad in Sarıbey population. These results suggest that these populations have developed resistance against the used insecticides. Enzyme activities of AChE, EST and GST were determined in 10 populations. No significant difference was detected in GST enzyme activities of the populations. In Sarıgöl-2 population, AChE enzyme activity was 5 fold while EST enzyme activity was 1.5 fold higher than the susceptible population.
“…At the diagnostic concentrations (LC 99 ) of azinphosmethyl (2 mg/L), acetamiprid (0.7 mg/L) and thiacloprid (1 mg/L), the percentage of FP mortalities was 16.9, 51.1, and 14.8; respectively (Cichón et al ., ). Decreased toxicity to azinphosmethyl was also found in diapausing larvae of C. pomonella across the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley compared to the LSS (Soleño et al ., , ). Although life‐stage variation in susceptibility to insecticides has been described in C. pomonella (Bouvier et al ., ), resistance to insecticides is expressed in both adults and neonates (Varela et al ., ) as well as in diapausing larvae (Bouvier et al ., ).…”
The control program of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley is intended to neonate larvae. However, adults may be subjected to sublethal pesticide concentrations generating stress which might enhance both mutation rates and activity of the detoxification system. This study assessed the exposure effects of chlorpyrifos on target enzyme and, both detoxifying and antioxidant systems of surviving adults from both a laboratory susceptible strain (LSS) and a field population (FP). The results showed that the FP was as susceptible to chlorpyrifos as the LSS and, both exhibited a similar chlorpyrifos-inhibitory concentration 50 (IC ) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The FP displayed higher carboxylesterase (CarE) and 7-ethoxycoumarine O-deethylase (ECOD) activities than LSS. Both LSS and FP showed an increase on CarE activity after the exposure to low-chlorpyrifos concentrations, followed by enzyme inhibition at higher concentrations. There were no significant differences neither in the activities of glutathione S-transferases (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) nor in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content between LSS and FP. Moreover, these enzymes were unaffected by chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, control adults from the FP exhibited higher CarE and ECOD activities than control adults from the LSS. AChE and CarE activities were the most affected by chlorpyrifos. Control strategies used for C. pomonella, such as rotations of insecticides with different modes of action, will probably delay the evolution of insecticide resistance in FPs from the study area.
“…Those enzymes are found in several insects and make them resistant to different insecticides (Rodriguez et al, 2010;El-Latif et al, 2010;Wu et al, 2011). Erdogan and Babaroglu (2014) Esterases is non-specific enzyme implicated as an insecticide resistance mechanism in several insect pests due to their ability to hydrolyze insecticidal esters as organophosphates and pyrethroids (Soleno et al, 2008;Rodriguez et al, 2010;El-Latif and Subrahmanyam, 2010;Wu et al, 2011). The glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity was determined to facilitate 1.5-fold higher resistance of T. absoluta against four insecticides, indoxacarb, metaflumizone, spinosad, and chlorantraniliprole.…”
Section: Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms Of T Absolutamentioning
Continue climatic changes in the world enhance the emergence of invasive agricultural insect pests.Tuta absoluta is one of the most devastating tomato leafminer and it spreads extensively in almost all parts of the world. It is a serious threat for tomato production and it results in highest damage. T. absoluta has fast growth rate with developmental stages of egg, larvae, pupa, and adult and it adapts to different environmental conditions. A larva is the most destructive one that consumes preferably leaves, stems and fruits of the tomato plant by hiding within mesophyll of the plant tissues. Although different environmentally hazardous pesticides are used against T. absoluta, none of the insecticides give full control due to the resistance development. This problem calls an urgent search for eco-friendly alternatives to control this invasive insect. Recent investigations are focused on different environmental friendly approaches that inclusively termed as IPM strategies. These are cultural practices, biopesticides, and biological using parasitoids, predators, microbial cells, microbial products, RNAi, inheritance sterility development in insect and pest resistant plant cultivar production are considered as promising alternatives to control T. absoluta. Therefore, this review briefly describes the current status of these methods used to design suitable and sustainable management strategies against T. absoluta.
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