Effects of chlorpyrifos on enzymatic systems of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults

Abstract

The control program of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley is intended to neonate larvae. However, adults may be subjected to sublethal pesticide concentrations generating stress which might enhance both mutation rates and activity of the detoxification system. This study assessed the exposure effects of chlorpyrifos on target enzyme and, both detoxifying and antioxidant systems of surviving adults from both a laboratory susceptible strain (LSS) and a field population (FP). The results showed that the FP was as susceptible to chlorpyrifos as the LSS and, both exhibited a similar chlorpyrifos-inhibitory concentration 50 (IC ) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The FP displayed higher carboxylesterase (CarE) and 7-ethoxycoumarine O-deethylase (ECOD) activities than LSS. Both LSS and FP showed an increase on CarE activity after the exposure to low-chlorpyrifos concentrations, followed by enzyme inhibition at higher concentrations. There were no significant differences neither in the activities of glutathione S-transferases (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) nor in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content between LSS and FP. Moreover, these enzymes were unaffected by chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, control adults from the FP exhibited higher CarE and ECOD activities than control adults from the LSS. AChE and CarE activities were the most affected by chlorpyrifos. Control strategies used for C. pomonella, such as rotations of insecticides with different modes of action, will probably delay the evolution of insecticide resistance in FPs from the study area.

Enzymatic detoxification strategies for neurotoxic insecticides in adults of three tortricid pests

“…For example, induction of enzymatic activities by the enzymatic inhibitor PBO was observed due to gene expression changes in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Willoughby et al ., 2007) and Bemisia tabaci (Zimmer et al ., 2017), but other synergist compounds have not yet been studied (Snoeck et al ., 2017). In addition, dose-dependent enzymatic activity induction (and inhibition) by insecticides has been observed in Plutella xylostella (L.) (Deng et al ., 2016), and C. pomonella (Parra-Morales et al ., 2017), both treated with the organophosphate chlorpyrifos.…”

“…Nevertheless, further kinetic investigations involving the three species and the three enzyme inhibitors are needed to fully understand inhibitor-enzyme dynamics. As in other species, many ‘metabolic enzyme-inducers’ may be present and may influence the insect metabolic enzyme status in susceptible strains (Terriere, 1984; Yang et al ., 2001; Yu, 2004; Després et al ., 2007; Poupardin et al ., 2008; Xie et al ., 2011; Deng et al ., 2016; Parra-Morales et al ., 2017).…”

Discovery of Pesticide Candidates from Natural Plant Products: Semisynthesis and Characterization of Andrographolide-Based Esters and Study of Their Pesticidal Properties and Toxicology

“…However, if the activity of the SOD enzyme decreases, it means that the cell is at the destruction stage because of a large amount of reactive oxygen species . It is worth noting that pest survival decreases as the SOD enzyme activity decreases . Usually, these protective enzymes maintain free radicals at a low level.…”

“…45 It is worth noting that pest survival decreases as the SOD enzyme activity decreases. 46 Usually, these protective enzymes maintain free radicals at a low level. However, the treatment of S. frugiperda by Id breaks this dynamic balance, which eventually leads to metabolic disorder in tested worms and the death of poisoning.…”

Evaluation of Insecticide Toxicity and Enzymatic Detoxification in Neonate Larvae of European Grapevine Moth, Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

“…A study reviewed 92 cases of lepidopteran detoxification mechanism and found that EST was affected only at 63% of the cases while GST was observed at 36% of the cases (Navarro-Roldan et al 2020). Enzymatic activity of EST increased in C. pomonella treated with chlorpyrifos (Parra Morales et al 2017). Several insecticides are detoxified via EST in species such as Myzus persicae, which could potentially induce resistance against broad-spectrum insecticides and cause cross-resistance (Devonshire & Moores 1982;Navarro-Roldan et al 2020).…”