Toxicologic studies on paralytic shellfish poison

Wiberg, Gunnar; Stephenson, N. R.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(60)90078-8

Cited by 64 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…STX is highly toxic with an LD 50 value (i.p. mice) of 8 mg kg À1 body weight (Wiberg and Stephenson, 1960). The addition of a sulfate group at the C-11 position forms GTX, thereby reducing the toxicity by up to 40%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of multiple isolates from an Alexandrium ostenfeldii bloom in The Netherlands

et al. 2015

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of multiple isolates from an Alexandrium ostenfeldii bloom in The Netherlands

et al. 2015

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“…As little as 1 nmol/kg is enough to kill some animals when it is administered directly into their bloodstream (Cheymol and Toan 1969;Xu et al 2003). Both have similar toxicities via intraperitoneal injection into mice of only 8-11 mg kg À1 (Wiberg and Stephenson 1960;Xu et al 2003). Their toxicities via oral administration are several hundredfold less potent than either of these two routes of administration, but they remain in the range of hundreds of micrograms per kilogram.…”

Section: Toxin Potencymentioning

confidence: 91%

Marine Biotoxins in History: Misuse and Mayhem

Llewellyn

2014

Toxinology

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Saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) have a colorful history. Two of the most toxic natural toxins known, they have been used as weapons to commit suicide, attempt, or successfully commit murder, and STX has been officially declared a chemical weapon by the world's governments. This meant that it was no longer a natural marine chemical of interest to toxinologists, pharmacologists, and at times seafood producers (because it can taint their product); it had now come upon the radar of many government agencies. TTX has its own mystique more renowned as the toxin of "fugu" fame, but also been blamed as the active agent in the zombification rituals in some Caribbean cultures. However, deliberate intoxications by these toxins remain far fewer than accidental deaths through eating poorly prepared fugu meals or saxitoxin-infested shellfish. Diagnosis, rather than detection, remains the best means of identifying whether a victim has been purposefully intoxicated. Treatment of intoxication by STX or TTX is still relatively crude, relying mostly upon gastric evacuation to remove unabsorbed toxin and symptomatic relief to nurse the victim through the acute phase of an intoxication and then relying upon the body's natural recovery mechanisms. Some potential pharmaceutical treatment options exist, but these have only been tested in small mammal studies, upon few test animals, and under limited conditions and would require significant investment in resources to progress them beyond the laboratory.

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“…rat (Allenby et al, 1994) Bacteria (Clostridium perfringens) Saxitoxin* a 3-4, 10 i.p. (Wiberg and Stephenson, 1960) Ulrich et al, 1997) …”

Section: Toxins As Public Health Issuesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled biological toxins

Paddle¹

2003

J of Applied Toxicology

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This review highlights the current lack of therapeutic and prophylactic treatments for use against inhaled biological toxins, especially those considered as potential biological warfare (BW) or terrorist threats. Although vaccine development remains a priority, the use of rapidly deployable adjunctive therapeutic or prophylactic drugs could be life-saving in severe cases of intoxication or where vaccination has not been possible or immunity not established. The current lack of such drugs is due to many factors. Thus, methods involving molecular modelling are limited by the extent to which the cellular receptor sites and mode of action and structure of a toxin need to be known. There is also our general lack of knowledge of what effect individual toxins will have when inhaled into the lungs - whether and to what extent the action will be cell specific and cytotoxic or rather an acute inflammatory response requiring the use of immunomodulators. Possible sources of specific high-affinity toxin antagonists being investigated include monoclonal antibodies, selected oligonucleotides (aptamers) and derivatized dendritic polymers (dendrimers). The initial selection of suitable agents of these kinds can be made using cytotoxicity assays involving cultured normal human lung cells and a range of suitable indicators. The possibility that a mixture of selected antibody, aptamer or dendrimer-based materials for one or more toxins could be delivered simultaneously as injections or as inhaled aerosol sprays should be investigated.

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Toxicologic studies on paralytic shellfish poison

Cited by 64 publications

References 4 publications

Characterization of multiple isolates from an Alexandrium ostenfeldii bloom in The Netherlands

Characterization of multiple isolates from an Alexandrium ostenfeldii bloom in The Netherlands

Marine Biotoxins in History: Misuse and Mayhem

Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled biological toxins

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