Toxicologic Pathology of the Eye: Alterations of the Lens and Posterior Segment

Schafer, Kenneth A.; Render, James A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-164-6_6

Cited by 13 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Retinal rosettes are a focal or multifocal disorganization of the sensory retina due to faulty development. In the rat rosettes appear as unilateral linear elevations of the retina on ophthalmic examination ( Hubert, Gillet et al 1994 ) and can be induced by the administration of cytosine arabinose, cycasin, N-methyl-N-nitrosurea and trimethyltin ( Schafer and Render 2013a ). Retinal rosettes (and folds, see below) may not have all layers of the retina intact, often show loss of the outer nuclear layer, and may have direct abutment of the retina onto the choroid or even the sclera ( Schafer and Render 2013a ).…”

Section: Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions Of The Rat Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic)

et al. 2018

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Section: Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions Of The Rat Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic)

et al. 2018

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“…In humans, lenticular opacities are reported to be caused by topical drugs such as anticholinesterase, pilocarpine and acetylcholine (Fraunfelder et al, 2008b). In experiments using laboratory animals, lenticular opacities are found to be caused through multiple mechanisms of action; abnormalities of sugar-, protein-, lipid-and electrolyte-metabolisms (Schafer and Render, 2013b). Some of these lenticular opacities are transient in animals and humans.…”

Section: Lensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, restoration of injured lenticular tissues is considerably slow (Hanna et al, 1961). Schafer and Render (2013b) described that the cataracts induced by glucocorticoids in humans is difficult to produce in animals.…”

Section: Lensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular instillation toxicity study: current status and points to consider on study design and evaluation

Kurata

Atsumi

Yamagiwa

et al. 2016

Fundam. Toxicol. Sci.

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Ocular instillation toxicity studies (OITSs) are one of general toxicity studies. Yet, OITSs have a unique characteristic that the test article is directly administered as eye drops to the target organ. Compared with general toxicity studies aiming systemic exposure, the study design of OITSs is somewhat distinctive in selecting test species, dosing formulation, administration volume/frequency and ocular examinations. After the administration of eye drops, the exposure level is high in the ocular surface, whereas the bioavailability in the eye balls, especially in the posterior segment, is low. In contrast to the general toxicity studies aiming systemic exposure, the absolute systemic exposure level in OITSs is generally low, while the systemic bioavailability is relatively high. These pharmacokinetic features determine the profiles of local and systemic toxicities in OITSs. Systemic toxicities are more often found in animals of relatively small body size, and are in most cases related with pharmacological actions. Current progress in ophthalmologic imaging technologies enables advanced safety evaluation using imaging biomarkers. Bioanalysis detecting drug levels present in blood in trace amount leads to a detailed safety assessment of systemic toxicity and yields accurate safety margins. Recognizing the peculiar characteristics of OITSs, toxicologists need to propose an appropriate study design and strategy of safety evaluation. Further discussion may be awaited on rationales for testing both sexes, and for conducting separated toxicity studies to evaluate systemic toxicity. This mini-review provides insight regarding current status and points to consider of OITSs.

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“…Elmore began her presentation with an overview of the structure and function of the fovea centralis (Kolb 2014; Schafer and Render 2012). This structure is present in many types of fish, reptiles, and birds, but is not present in the rodent retina.…”

Section: An Unusual Retinal Lesion Of the Foveamentioning

confidence: 99%

Proceedings of the 2014 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium

et al. 2014

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The 2014 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri” was held in Washington DC, in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology’s 33rd annual meeting. The goal of this annual NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers’ presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included a pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma in a male B6C3F1 mouse; plexiform vasculopathy in Wistar Han rats; staging of the estrous cycle in rats and mice; peri-islet fibrosis, hemorrhage, lobular atrophy and inflammation in male Sprague Dawley rats; retinal dysplasia in Wistar Han rats and B6C3F1 mice; multicentric lymphoma with intravascular microemboli and tumor lysis syndrome, and two cases of myopathy and vascular anomaly in Tg.rasH2 mice; benign thymomas in Wistar Han rats; angiomatous lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes of Wistar Han rats; an unusual foveal lesion in a cynomolgous monkey; and finally a series of nomenclatures challenges from the endocrine International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) organ working group (OWG).

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Toxicologic Pathology of the Eye: Alterations of the Lens and Posterior Segment

Cited by 13 publications

References 95 publications

Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic)

Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic)

Ocular instillation toxicity study: current status and points to consider on study design and evaluation

Proceedings of the 2014 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium

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