Toxicity testing of combustion aerosols at the air–liquid interface with a self-contained and easy-to-use exposure system

Emissions from a modern log wood masonry heater and wood pellet boiler: Composition and biological impact on air-liquid interface exposed human lung cancer cells

“…It is a complete system providing all process technology required for cell exposure experiments at dynamic aerosol sources under conditions imitating those of the hu-man lung. Important parameters for cell viability and exposure such as temperature, humidity, and airflow were electronically monitored and controlled [Mülhopt et al 2016]. The combustion aerosol was conducted through a PM 2.5 impactor to simulate deposition in the upper respiratory tract.…”

“…This method is not suitable for the study of airborne particles and can result in low sensitivity for evaluating biological effects [23]. A new direction for studying direct exposures to emission aerosols has emerged with the appearance of air-liquid-interface (ALI) systems [24][25][26]. The ALI technology enables reproducible and direct on-site exposure of lung cell cultures to aerosols under realistic dilution, flow and humidity conditions [27] and can readily be combined with multi-omics analysis techniques [28,29].…”

Time-resolved analysis of primary volatile emissions and secondary aerosol formation potential from a small-scale pellet boiler

“…Among the severe effect on human health by wood combustion aerosol (Jalava et al, 2012;Miljevic et al, 2010;Mülhopt et al, 2016;Sehlstedt et al, 2010), VOC emissions from wood combustion contribute to ambient particle concentrations as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through gas-to-particle conversion (Hennigan et al, 2011;Heringa et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2015;Keller and Burtscher, 2012). In the atmosphere VOCs are transformed by photolysis, hydroxyl (OH) radicals (typically during daylight hours), nitrate radicals (NO 3 ) during evening and night-time hours, ozone (O 3 ), and in coastal and marine areas by chlorine atoms during daylight hours (Atkinson and Arey, 2003).…”

Is the particle deposition in a cell exposure facility comparable to the lungs? A computer model approach

“…The ALI exposure technique ( Figure 1A and B) has been developed in the recent years (Tippe et al 2002;Aufderheide and Mohr 2004;Bitterle et al 2006;Mülhopt et al 2008;Savi et al 2008;Paur et al 2011;Aufderheide et al 2013). A confluent monolayer of epithelial cells on a semipermeable membrane is exposed at 37 °C and 85% relative humidity (Mülhopt et al 2016). Thereby the cells are in contact with the aerosol from the apical side and with the culture medium from the basolateral side.…”

“…The model of Comouth et al (2013) fits a mathematical function to data measured by electron micrograpy. It is used here, as it was verified with the ALI system similar to ours (Mülhopt et al 2016;Krebs 2019). The model of Grabinski et al (2015) is derived from finite element considerations together with deposition experiments and includes a mechanism for the electrically enhanced deposition of charged particles.…”