Toxicity of paraquat in nestling birds: Effects on plasma and tissue biochemistry in American kestrels

Developmental Toxicity of PCB 126 (3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl) in Nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)

“…Plasma chemistry measurements were selected that have been indicative of developmental toxicity in previous studies with birds (Hoffman et three but usually four eggs that had hatched within a 24-hr period. When there were more than four hatchlings per box, the number was normalized al., 1982, 1985Rattner et al, 1987). The following plasma enzyme activities were measured on a centrifugal analyzer (Centrifichem 500; Baker to four by removing hatchlings that varied the most in weight or time of hatching.…”

Developmental Toxicity of PCB 126 (3,3′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl) in Nestling American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)

“…Plasma chemistry measurements were selected that have been indicative of developmental toxicity in previous studies with birds (Hoffman et ai, 1982(Hoffman et ai, , 1985(Hoffman et ai, , 1987Rattner et ai, 1987). The following plasma enzyme activities were measured on a centrifugal analyzer (Centrifichem 500; Baker Instrument Corporation, Allentown, PA): alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), creatine phosphokinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2), -y-glutamyl transferase (y-GT; EC 2.3.2.2), glutathione peroxidase (GSH peroxidase; EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase (GSSG reductase; EC 1.6.4.2), and lactate dehydrogenase-L (LDH-L; EC 1.1.1.27) as previously described (Hoffman et al, 1985(Hoffman et al, , 1987. Other plasma constituents measured included total protein, glucose, uric acid, cholesterol and triglycerides, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus (Hoffman el al, 1985(Hoffman el al, , 1987.…”

“…Hematocrit and hemoglobin were not affected by treatment, and significant differences among means were not apparent for other plasma constituents so data were not presented. Previous control values for these variables have been published (Hoffman et al, 1985(Hoffman et al, , 1987.…”

On the methodological limitations of detecting oxidative stress: effects of paraquat on measures of oxidative status in greenfinches

“…Yet, chemical induction of OS had no effect on these parameters in our experimental protocol, which involved bleeding the birds 3days after termination of the 7day PQ treatment. Similarly, neither plasma TAC nor one of its correlates (uric acid) was influenced by the administration of diquat in red-legged partridges (Galván and Alonso-Alvarez, 2009) or PQ in American kestrel (Falco sparverius) nestlings (Hoffman et al, 1987). Taken together, these findings raise the question of whether the popular and handy assays of antioxidant protection, such as TAC and OXY, are biologically relevant markers of oxidative status in the first place (see also Sies, 2007;Garratt and Brooks, 2012).…”