Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in immune cells of the sea urchin

Effect of silver nanoparticles on Mediterranean sea urchin embryonal development is species specific and depends on moment of first exposure

“…Apart from increased mortality of urchin embryos and larvae due to AgNP, very low AgNP concentrations may also give rise to a range of sub-lethal effects such as, for example, immunosuppression (Falugi et al, 2012). AgNP and/or Ag + may also cause disruption to normal physiological processes during early development and urchin growth and survival, including changes to motility and feeding patterns and difficulties in the ability to reproduce.…”

Effects and Implications of Trophic Transfer and Accumulation of CeO2 Nanoparticles in a Marine Mussel

“…33 The mechanism for toxicity of CeO 2 ENMs is currently under debate. 11,21,22,29,34,35 Two of the main toxicity paradigms for metal and metal oxide ENMs currently considered are release of toxic ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, 18,36,37 but these mechanisms are not likely to be responsible for the response we found in mussels or phytoplankton. CeO 2 has a very low rate of dissolution 38 and while possibly dissolving slightly at the lower pH of the mussel digestive gland will not release large amounts of toxic ions like ZnO and Ag ENMs 39−41 during their short residence time in 46 such as cell membrane disruption or energy transduction pathway interruption.…”

Assessment of heavy metals concentration in holothurians, sediments and water samples from coastal areas of Pakistan (Northern Arabian Sea)

“…Matranga et al [28] pointed out that echinoderms are considered qua liable animals to detect permanent marine ecological stress and a long-term biological impact. They are proved in many studies [29][30][31][32][33] as ideal subjects for ecotoxicological studies because they are directly exposed to emerging anthropogenic pollutants in both their planktonic and benthic lives.…”