Toxicity of inorganic and organic selenium to Daphnia magna (cladocera) and Chironomus riparius (diptera)

Abstract

Elevated concentrations of selenium (Se) have been previously measured in biota sampled from the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge (KNWR) in the San Joaquin Valley of central California. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests with the cladoceran Daphnia magna and the midge Chironomus riparius to determine the toxicity or bioaccumulation of waterborne Se in a reconstituted water similar to the San Joaquin River. Daphnids were more acutely sensitive than midges to the toxic effects of inorganic Se. An organic form of Se (seleno‐[L]‐methionine) was extremely toxic to daphnids, but was relatively nontoxic to midges. In long‐term exposure to a 6:1 mixture of selenate to selenite (a mixture representative of KNWR), the emergence time of adult midges was delayed at Se concentrations ≥ 837 μg/L. Daphnid reproduction and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were reduced at Se concentrations ≥ 348 μg/L and growth of adults was reduced at ≥ 156 μg/L. Whole body Mg, K and Na concentrations in daphnids were not affected by chronic Se exposure; however, whole body Ca concentration increased at intermediate Se exposure concentrations. In addition, whole body Cl concentration was reduced at 711 μg Se/L. Daphnids accumulated potentially toxic concentrations of Se from water that may adversely affect fish or waterfowl through the food chain.

Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, Biochemical, and In Silico Molecular Docking Study of Fungal-Mediated Selenium Oxide Nanoparticles on Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) Snails

“…For D. magna and D. pulicaria , the sodium selenite 48 h LC/sub-50/values were 0.45 mg Se/1and 0.006 mg Se/1, respectively. Daphnids collected Se quantities in the water that might be poisonous and negatively impact fish or seabirds along the food chain [ 47 ]. Similarly, ref.…”

Standard culture of Paratanytarsus grimmii Schneider, 1885 (Diptera: Chironomidae), for its use in toxicity bioassays.

“…The characteristics of this biological material (in example Chironomus petiolatus, Ch. calligraphus) used for test water or sediments (USEPA, 1994) have short time life cycles, easy management, and low culture requirements under laboratory conditions (Iannacone et al, 2002(Iannacone et al, , 2005Larraín et al, 1997;Ingersoll et al, 1990;Diepens, 2015;Gagliardi et al, 2016). Also, the larval sensitivity in according to its life stage determine an important variability factor in the results, that shows in reduce the plankton period (life stage I) of these insects (Iannacone et al, 2003).…”