Toxicity of conifer needle endophytes to spruce budworm

Clark, Catherine; Miller, J. David; Whitney, Norman J.

doi:10.1016/s0953-7562(89)80044-9

Cited by 52 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Reduced performance of BFS on older age-classes may be associated with an increase in phenolics and tannins and a simultaneous decline in nitrogen and protein availability. Endophytic fungi could also decrease performance on older age-classes of foliage as fungal infection increases as balsam fir foliage ages (Clark et al 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, older age-classes of foliage may not all have the same nutritional quality. For example, aging of foliage is often associated with increased shading, declines in foliar levels of carbohydrates and nitrogen (Schoettle 1994;Carisey and Bauce 1997a;Tissue et al 2001), increased infection by endophytic fungi (Clark et al 1989), and other processes that eventually lead to leaf senescence. Consequently, there could be an optimal leaf age for the development of a herbivore.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advantages of a mixed diet: feeding on several foliar age classes increases the performance of a specialist insect herbivore

et al. 2003

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Two field studies were carried out to determine the influence of Abies balsamea foliage age on the preference and performance of larvae of Neodiprion abietis, a specialist Diprionid sawfly. Preference was determined by examining N. abietis defoliation on all age classes of foliage. Performance was estimated using larval survival, cocoon weights and the percentage of adults that were females. Neodiprion abietis preference for, and performance on, current-year foliage was very low, peaked on 2 or 3-year-old foliage, and declined on older foliage. Thus, sawfly feeding preference was adaptive. However, survival and cocoon weight were highest when sawflies were allowed to feed on all age classes of foliage, demonstrating that an insect specialist may perform better when feeding on several age classes of foliage from a single host plant species. These results indicate that either different larval instars have different nutritional requirements, or that food mixing provides the best diet, permitting the herbivore to obtain needed nutrients while avoiding ingestion of toxic doses of secondary metabolites. In addition, our results suggest that limited availability of varied foliage has more negative consequences for N. abietis females than for males, as the percentage of survivors that were females decreased when juvenile mortality was high. Our results emphasize the importance of considering non-linear changes in foliar quality as leaves age on herbivore preference and performance, and demonstrate how a herbivore can use this variability to maximize its fitness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advantages of a mixed diet: feeding on several foliar age classes increases the performance of a specialist insect herbivore

et al. 2003

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“…Fields of research yet to be fully examined for phyllosphere fungi in Japan include trophic interactions. The interaction between trees, phyllosphere fungi, and herbivores and pathogens has been actively investigated for the grass-endophyte symbiosis (Cheplick and Faeth 2009 ) and for phyllosphere fungi of trees, relating to the activity of toxic substances derived from endophytes against herbivores (Miller et al 1985(Miller et al , 2002Miller 1986 ;Clark et al 1989 ;Calhoun et al 1992 ;Johnson and Whitney 1994 ), the association of foliar endophytes of oaks with gallforming insects and leaf miners (Weis 1982 ;Lasota et al 1983 ;Petrini et al 1989 ;Butin 1992 ;Wilson 1995 ;Faeth andHammon 1996 , 1997a , b ;Gaylord et al 1996 ;Wilson and Carroll 1997 ;Wilson and Faeth 2001 ), the interaction between foliar endophytes and herbivores of birch (Lappalainen and Helander 1997 ;Lappalainen et al 1999 ;Ahlholm et al 2002a ;Valkama et al 2005 ), and the relationship between aphids and endophytes and epiphytes (Gange 1996 ;Müller 1996 , 2000 ). Regarding the physiological response of plants to fungal infection, phyllosphere fungi can accelerate the senescence of leaves Dickinson 1973 , 1976 ;Jachmann and Fehrmann 1989 ).…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Ecology of Endophytic and Epiphytic Fungi of Tree Leaves in Japan: A Review

Osono

2013

Advances in Endophytic Research

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The phyllosphere is the living leaf as a whole and is colonized by endophytic and epiphytic fungi in the interior and on the surface of leaves, respectively. In this chapter, I summarize studies on the diversity and ecology of endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungi on live leaves of trees in Japan. Studies to date have detected endophytes and epiphytes on leaves of at least 255 coniferous and broad-leaved tree species in 69 plant families, according to 45 papers published since 1990. These studies have recorded 24 endophytic and 22 epiphytic genera of fungi. Major trees used in the ecological studies of phyllosphere fungi include pines ( Pinus ), beech ( Fagus ), and dogwood ( Swida ). Focal topics include (1) the infection and colonization of leaves; (2) seasonal and leaf age-dependent patterns of temporal changes; (3) spatial distribution at various scales, from within-leaf, to withincanopy, to altitudinal and geographic distributions; (4) direct and indirect roles in decomposition of dead leaves; and (5) interaction with pathogens and herbivores and effects of simulated acid rain. Future research directions in Japan are suggested and discussed with reference to international literature on the ecology of endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungi.

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“…Thus, Clark et al (1989) showed in Abies balsamea and red spruce Picea rubens, that from 900 samples of fungal isolates, five produced toxic substances and three of those produced powerful toxins that, once extracted and given to insects, caused death and decreased development rate of C. fumiferana. Many other cases of insect control involving toxins produced by endophytic microorganisms can be found in the literature.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Insect Control Displayed By Endophytic Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants

Azevedo¹,

Maccheroni²,

Pereira³

et al. 2000

Electron. J. Biotechnol.

559

320

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In the past two decades, a great deal of information on the role of endophytic microorganisms in nature has been collected. The capability of colonizing internal host tissues has made endophytes valuable for agriculture as a tool to improve crop performance. In this review, we addressed the major topics concerning the control of insects-pests by endophytic microorganisms. Several examples of insect control are described, notably those involving the interactions between fungi and grazing grasses from temperate countries. The mechanisms by which endophytic fungi control insect attacks are listed and include toxin production as well as the influence of these compounds on plant and livestock and how their production may be affected by genetic and environmental conditions. The importance of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi for insect control is also addressed. As the literature has shown, there is a lack of information on endophytes from tropical hosts, which are more severely affected by pests and diseases. The natural and biological control of pests and diseases affecting cultivated plants has gained much attention in the past decades as a way of reducing the use of chemical products in agriculture. Biological control has been frequently used in Brazil, supported by the development of basic and applied research on this field not only in our country but also in South America as it can be found in several reviews (Lecuona, 1996;Alves, 1998;Melo and Azevedo, 1998). In fact, by having vast agriculturable areas and most of its territory in the tropical region, Brazil and all Latin America, show their agriculture severely affected by agricultural pests. The use of agrochemicals, although decreasing the attack of insects and phytopathogenic microorganisms, still represents a high risk to field workers and consumers. In addition, their use is, in certain cases, economically unviable. The control of pests and diseases by means of biological processes i. e., use of entomopathogenic microorganisms or those that inhibit/antagonise other microorganisms pathogenic to plants, is an alternative that may contribute to reduce or eliminate the use of chemical products in agriculture.

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Toxicity of conifer needle endophytes to spruce budworm

Cited by 52 publications

References 18 publications

Advantages of a mixed diet: feeding on several foliar age classes increases the performance of a specialist insect herbivore

Advantages of a mixed diet: feeding on several foliar age classes increases the performance of a specialist insect herbivore

Diversity and Ecology of Endophytic and Epiphytic Fungi of Tree Leaves in Japan: A Review

Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants

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