Toxicity of chlorpyrifos againstRhyzopertha dominicaandTribolium confusumadults on different surfaces

Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Phthalides Analogs to Rhyzopertha dominica

“…The majority of the conventional insecticides (organophosphorus and pyrethroids) adopted currently for management of stored grain pests require at least seven days to promote effective control. [8] Due to the high reproductive potential of stored product pests, [26] their control is recommended to be carried out quickly to prevent economic losses. [6] [27] In some industrialized countries like Canada and Australia, there is zero tolerance for insects in food grains.…”

“…[15][37-39] 5-Hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one was synthesized from the photooxidation of furfural and used to prepare compounds 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl acetate (1) and 5-(propan-2-yloxy)furan-2(5H)-one (2). These lactones were then submitted to additional reactions, followed by other chemical modifications, to afford the saturated lactones 4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-(propan-2-yloxy)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (3), 3-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl acetate (4), methyl (2Z)-3-(2,2-dimethyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)prop-2-enoate (5), methyl (2E)-3-(2,2-dimethyl-5oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)prop-2-enoate (6), methyl 3-(2,2-dimethyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)propanoate (7), and 4-(dimethoxymethyl)-5,5-dimethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (8).…”

“…[7] This insect is an internal grain feeder which infests wheat and other cereals in silos such as corn, rice, and other substrates containing starch. [8] The females oviposit outside the grain kernel, but when the eggs hatch, the larvae bore into the grain kernel to complete development to the adult stage, damaging the grain. [7] Synthetic insecticide use is the major method adopted for R. dominica control.…”

“…However, in the last decades, control failures of this pest due to development of R. dominica resistant strains have been reported. [8] In attempts to incorporate new molecules in the management of this pest, the development of efficacious compounds is encouraged. [5] In addition to the acute toxicity, it is desirable that the candidate molecules present sublethal effects in order to reduce the pest progeny in silos and storages.…”

Chlorpyrifos Induced Dermal Toxicity in Albino Rabbits

“…Organophosphate poisoning is graded as mild, moderate and severe (Khan et al, 2012;Peter et al, 2014;Pirsaheb et al, 2017). Chlorpyrifos is considered as a mild skin irritant (Babamir-Satehi et al, 2017), but its dermatotoxic effects have not been investigated thoroughly yet. The present in vivo study had explained the dermal damage of topically applied various CPF concentrations and commercial preparation in the rabbit's skin after repeated exposure for 4 days.…”