Toxicity of Carbaryl and Six Organophosphorus Insecticides to Amblyseius fallacis and Typhlodromus pyri1 from New York Apple Orchards 2 , 3

Arthropod Resistance to Insecticides: A Key to Pest Control Failures and Successes in North American Apple Orchards

“…In New Zealand, Hoyt (1972) first found a 10-fold resistance to azinphosmethyl, and later, CoUyer & Van Geidermalsen (1975) found populations that were 14-fold resistant. In New York, Watve & Lienk (1976) reported an LC~ level giving a 20-fold resistance to azinphosmethyl when compared with the data of Hoyt (1972) for an S strain. At this level predators tolerated field applications and provided appreciable biological control of P. ulmi in apple orchards.…”

“…Whereas resistance was too low in 1970--71 to allow for integrated control in New Zealand, in 1975---76 it had increased 40-fold after 10 years of intensive azinphosmethyl application and was sufficient to provide for complete predator survival. T. pyri also is tolerant or has developed high levels of resistance to earbaryi (Van de Vrie, 1962;Watve & Lienk, 1976); Collyer & Van Geldermalsen, 1975).…”

Natural Enemy Resistance to Pesticides: Documentation, Characterization, Theory and Application

“…In New Zealand, Hoyt (1972) first reported a 10-·fold resistance to azinphosmethyl, and Collyer and Geldermalsen (1975) later found populations in New Zealand with 14-fold resistance. In New York, Watve and Lienk (1976) reported an LC50 level that gave nearly a 20-fold resistance to azinphosmethyl when compared with the data of Hoyt (1972) for an S strain. At this level predators tolerated field applications and provided appreciable biological control of Panonychus uZmi in apple orchards.…”

“…Whereas Hoyt (1972) found resistance too low in 1970-71 to allow for integrated control, resistance in 1975-76 had increased 40-fold and was sufficient to provide for complete predator survival after 10 years of intensive azinphosmethyl application. T. pypi also is tolerant or has developed high levels of resistance to carbaryl (Van de Vrie, 1962;Watve and Lienk, 1976;Collyer and Geldermalsen, 1975). Contrast this with the situation for A. faZZacis: Four years of exposure to…”

Phytophagous and predatory mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae) in South Moravian vineyards, Czechoslovakia, treated with various types of chemicals

“…Phytoseiid mites were less numerous in sprayed commercial vineyards where T. pyri on foliage and Anthoseius bakeri on bark were the most common. It is remarkable that many geographically separated local populations of T. pyri throughout the world have developed resistance to organophosphorus compounds (Watve and Lienk, 1976;Hadam et al, 1986;Walker and Penman, 1978;Croft, 1982;Baillod and Guignard, 1984). Undoubtedly, there is a predisposition in T. pyri for developing resistance following long-term exposure to pesticides in orchards and vineyards.…”