Toxicity of Bioactive Compound from Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Utilizing Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

Abstract

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has been proven to show anticancer activity. Direct use bioactive compound from red ginger has many obstacles such as large amount of red ginger’s rhizome needed, limitation of planting area, and very long time of harvesting. Utilization of endophytic fungi from red ginger’s rhizome could be an alternative to the problems. The aims of this study were to determine bioactive compound produced by endophytic fungi and toxicity activity based on LC50. Endophytic fungi were isolated from red ginger and were identified macroscopically and microscopically. The bioactive compounds were extracted using ethanol 96%. Flavonoid test was done qualitatively, bioactive compounds were analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and the toxicity test was done using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA). The present research found two endophytic fungi isolated from red ginger rhizome. Isolate 1 was similar to Mucor sp. and isolate 2 was similar to Trichoderma sp. Phytochemical test revealed bioactive compound extracted from the isolates were contained flavonoid. TLC analysis did not detect quercetin from the bioactive compound extracted from the isolates. LC50 values of the bioactive compound from the isolates were 2.300 and 1.747 µg/ml, respectively. The toxicological results suggest that both isolates produce non-toxic compound to Artemia salina.

Low cytotoxicity, and antiproliferative activity on cancer cells, of the plant Senna alata (Fabaceae)

“…Upon 24 hours of treatment, Artemia salina larvae with LC 50 ; if the sample extract is LC 50 < 1 000 μg/mL, its toxicity is high, and the cytotoxicity is expected to occur. The level of toxicity would have an anticancer effect on extracts (Prasetyo et al, 2019). Evaluating the efficiency of hatching cysts concerning the time of exposure showed that extracts had notable hatching success after 36-48 hours, which would be the greatest hatching time for brine shrimp (Meyer et al, 1982;Braguini, Pires, & Alves, 2018).…”

“…Meyer et al (1982) identified the brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLA) as a particular test that was able to detect screening the range of crude plant extracts in herbal medicine for cytotoxicity in a simple, quick and extensive bioassay for bioactive compounds of natural product (Meyer et al, 1982;Karchesy et al, 2016;Henry, 2017). The brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) is the primary anticancer test process (Prasetyo, Sidharta, Hartini, & Mursyanti, 2019). However, there is a significant correlation between BSLT toxicity and cytotoxicity in certain cell lines, but this approach is not unique to anticancer activity (Asnaashari et al, 2017).…”

Review: Eksplorasi Pemanfaatan Jamur Endofit pada Tanaman Curcuma dan Zingiber sebagai Penghasil Senyawa Antibakteri

“…Kelompok senyawa flavonoid memiliki mekanisme antibakteri dengan metode pengikatan adhesin permukaan sel bakteri sehingga gaya adhesi pada bakteri dan inang berkurang (Rosalina dkk., 2018). Prasetyo et al (2019) menemukan dua isolat jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari jahe merah (Z. officinale) mampu untuk menghasilkan flavonoid. Flavonoid dihasilkan oleh jamur endofit melalui jalur asam sikimat yang dimulai dengan proses kondensasi antara fosfoenolpiruvat (PEP) dan eritrosa-4-fosfat.…”

“…Flavonoid dihasilkan oleh jamur endofit melalui jalur asam sikimat yang dimulai dengan proses kondensasi antara fosfoenolpiruvat (PEP) dan eritrosa-4-fosfat. Jalur asam sikimat memproduksi chorismate yang akan menjadi precursor untuk fenilalanin dan menjadi prekursor flavonoid (Prasetyo et al, 2019). Namun, beberapa senyawa antibakteri telah diidentifikasi secara spesifik pada jamur endofit di tanaman Curcuma dan Zingiber yang dinyatakan dalam Tabel 1.…”