Toxicity Identification Evaluations of Produced-Water Effluents

Sauer, Theodor C.; Costa, Helder J.; Brown, John Seely; Ward, Timothy J.

doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2020:tieopw>2.3.co;2

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…More importantly, this study served as an example of the complexities involved in assessing the toxicity of effluent with elevated TDS to estuarine or marine organisms. In particular, it provided information on Ca 2+ toxicity, an ion that is often in excess in effluents with elevated TDS [11,12,21]. The concentration of Ca 2+ in effluent for the current study was 19 times that of seawater, or 48 times that of seawater after correcting for osmolality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a marine discharge of effluent, TDS are unlikely to cause toxicity in receiving waters or to be regulated; however, TDS may contribute to toxicity in marine whole effluent toxicity tests. Several methods have been used to account for TDS effects in studies of effluent toxicity to estuarine and marine organisms [8–12]. The most appropriate method depends on the TDS of effluent, the ratios of ions in effluent relative to seawater, and the salinity tolerance range of the test species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mysid shrimp ( Mysidopsis bahia [Americamysis bahia] ) are estuarine crustaceans that are commonly used for marine whole effluent toxicity tests and toxicity identification evaluation studies. Although M. bahia are euryhaline [13], they are sensitive to ionic ratios that differ from that of seawater [12]. In a study of five industrial and municipal effluents, excess Ca 2+ contributed to toxicity to M. bahia in four of the effluents [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of calcium and sodium in toxicity of an effluent to mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia)

Kline

Stekoll

2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The source of acute toxicity of an aged gold mill effluent to juvenile mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia [Americamysis bahia]) was identified. Effluent osmolality was equivalent to that of 12 ppt seawater. At five effluent concentrations ranging from 4 to 100% (v/v), using 12 ppt seawater for dilution, the onset of responses was most rapid at 37% effluent. Simulated effluent was created by adding Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cl−, and SO42− to distilled water at concentrations equal to those measured in the effluent. The unusual finding of a more rapid onset of responses at 37% than at 100% effluent was duplicated with simulated effluent, demonstrating that responses of M. bahia to effluent were attributable to one or more of the six ions that were included in simulated effluent. Proportionally, excess Ca2+ and Na+ deficiency were among the greatest differences in the ionic composition of effluent relative to seawater. Manipulation of Ca2+ and Na+ concentrations in effluent and in simulated effluent, along with the results of the previous experiments, demonstrated that excess Ca2+ was the sole source of effluent toxicity and that Na+ deficiency, relative to the proportion in seawater, reduced Ca2+ toxicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The role of calcium and sodium in toxicity of an effluent to mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia)

Kline

Stekoll

2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Ecotoxicological methodologies have been proposed for assessment of the potential toxicity of different compounds (European Union, 1993) in urban (Garric et al, 1996) and industrial effluents (Sauser et al, 1997) and in receiving waters (Stewart and Konetsky, 1998). International organizations (ECB, 1996; European Union, 1997a) have established exposure pathways and tests for soils that evaluate the different trophic levels (plants, invertebrates, and microorganisms) aimed at determining the effects of chemicals and complex mixtures on the soil matrix.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Application of Pig Slurry to an Experimental Crop Using Agronomic and Ecotoxicological Approaches

Díez

Torre²,

Cartagena³

et al. 2001

J of Env Quality

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The agronomic and ecotoxicological effects of the application of pig (Sus scrofa) slurry during a maize (Zea mays L.) crop cycle under conditions of forced irrigation were evaluated. The 0.2-ha experimental area, of typical xerofluvent soil and of known vulnerability to nitrate (NO3-) contamination, was divided into 12 plots and provided with water measurement instruments (TDR-probes, vertical tensiometers, and ceramic candles). Samples of soil, water, soil organisms, and the crop were subjected to analytical, agronomic, and biological test procedures. The following fertilizer treatments were applied to triplicate plots: urea (U;170 kg N ha(-1)), and an optimized (P1; 162 kg N ha(-1)) and triple (P3; 486 kg N ha(-1)) dose of pig slurry. Unfertilized plots (P0) served as controls. Calculation was made of seasonal drainage and leached NO3- and sodium losses during the experimental period. Conductivity, heavy metal concentration, hardness, pH, and redox potential were determined in soil solutions. The ecotoxicological evaluation of the soil solution and matrix was based on ecotoxicity bioassays and the quantification of organic and inorganic compounds [phenols, indols, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]. The results suggest that the P3 treatment is highly contaminating due to the leaching of nitrates and increased soil salinity. Despite the fact that a Folsomia candida reproduction test indicated chronic ecotoxicological effects on the soil in plots treated with P1 and P3, the absence of organic compounds suggests that these effects may be attributable to contaminants not considered in this study.

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“…Produced water discharges are toxic to marine organisms [13–15], but chemical analyses of these waters have not identified a single cause for toxicity [16]. Brown et al [5] found that fatty acids and phenols made up the majority of extractable produced water organics and concluded that produced waters posed minimal hazard to receiving waters because of the low concentrations and ease of biodegradability of these substances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization of organic constituents from sulfide‐rich produced water using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Witter

Jones

1999

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Dichloromethane extracts of oil field wastewater samples collected over a period of 3 months were characterized using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Concentrations and profiles of semivolatile organics exhibited significant change during the sampling period. All seven produced water samples contained benzene, toluene, xylenes, fatty acids, phenols, N, N‐dimethylalkylamines, and elemental sulfur. Elemental sulfur levels, including suspended particles, ranged from 0.6 to 42 mg/L. The polysulfide heterocycles 3,5‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐trithiolane, 3,6‐dimethyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrathiane, 4,6‐dimethyl‐1,2,3,5‐tetrathiane, and 3,7‐dimethyl‐1,2,4,5,6‐pentathiepane were found in a single produced water sample collected midway through the sampling period. Combined concentrations of these substances reached 41 mg/L. The appearance of polysulfide heterocycles occurred after a near stoichiometric drop in elemental sulfur levels concurrent with samples reaching the pH reported as optimum for sulfhydrogenase‐mediated reduction of elemental sulfur, yet samples of similar pH collected later did not contain these unusual organosulfur compounds. Putative precursors of polysulfide heterocycles are hydrogen sulfide, resulting from elemental S(0) reduction, and acetaldehyde. Changes in profiles of other produced water constituents implicate microbial reduction of elemental sulfur as a critical determinant of levels and types of organosulfur compounds in produced waters.

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Toxicity Identification Evaluations of Produced-Water Effluents

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

The role of calcium and sodium in toxicity of an effluent to mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia)

The role of calcium and sodium in toxicity of an effluent to mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia)

Evaluation of the Application of Pig Slurry to an Experimental Crop Using Agronomic and Ecotoxicological Approaches

Chemical characterization of organic constituents from sulfide‐rich produced water using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

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