Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient

Abstract

The Ecological Risk Assessment of pesticides requires data regarding their toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial non-target species. Such requirements concern active ingredient(s), generally not considering the noxious potential of commercial formulations. This work intends to contribute with novel information on the effects of short-term exposures to two herbicides, with different modes of action (Spasor, Stam Novel Flo 480), and an insecticide (Lannate), as well as to corresponding active ingredients (Glyphosate, Propanil and Methomyl, respectively). The microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (growth inhibition), the cladoceran Daphnia magna (immobilisation), and the earthworm Eisenia andrei (avoidance behaviour) were used as test species. Both herbicides were innocuous to all test organisms at environmentally realistic concentrations, except for Stam and Propanil (highly toxic for Pseudokirchneriella; moderately toxic to Daphnia). Lannate and Methomyl were highly toxic to Daphnia and caused Eisenia to significantly avoid the spiked soil at realistic application rates. The toxicity of formulations either overestimated (e.g. Stam/Propanil for P. subcapitata) or underestimated (e.g. Stam/Propanil for D. magna) that of the active ingredient.

Ecological Hazards of Some Pesticides on Unicellular Freshwater Green Alga; Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

“…Such data are also in accordance with other studies (Chronos, 2005;Elliott, 1998 andPereira et al, 2009). From an ecological hazard point of view, both compounds can be classified as R51/53; i.e.…”

Gene Expressions of the Dhb, Vtg, Arnt, CYP4, CYP314 in Daphnia magna Induced by Toxicity of Glyphosate and Methidathion Pesticides

“…Glyphosate and methidathion, which have widely been used in agriculture to protect the crop productivity, are contaminating the aquatic environment through some main routes such as spray drift, volatilization, drainage, and leaching (Cerejeira et al, 2003;Pereira et al, 2009). Commonly, the toxicity tests based on the physiological responses (e.g., survival, growth rate, and reproduction) have been used to examine the biological effects of chemicals (Sakai, 2002;De Schamphelaere, 2004).…”

Синергетическое действие пиретроидного инсектицида и энтомопатогенного гриба на Daphnia magna Straus

“…Применение химических и биологических средств против насекомых-вредителей сельскохозяйственных культур и кровососущих насекомых неизбежно затрагивает множество нецелевых объектов (Wijngaarden et al, 2005;Pereira et al, 2009;Noskov et al, 2010;Sanchez-Bayo, 2012). Несмотря на целевую направленность действия некоторых инсектицидных препаратов, их применение зачастую приводит к негативным последствиям для организмов из разных систематических групп, вследствие как косвенного, так и прямого воздействия.…”