Toxicity characteristics of commercially manufactured insulation materials for building applications in Taiwan

Liang, Han-Hsi; Ho, Ming-Chin

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.051

Cited by 64 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Earlier studies of the fire toxicity of insulation materials 15,17 were only undertaken under well-ventilated conditions, and inconsistencies in the methodology made it difficult to extrapolate the measured toxicity to real fire conditions. However, both studies showed an increase in fire toxicity from glass wool and stone wool to polyurethane foam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another, focused on state of the art and future developments, considers reaction to fire and fire toxicity2, in conjunction with the Euroclass classification system, which has separate categories (A1, A2) for noncombustible materials (glass wool and stone wool) and for foams (B to F). The only recently published study of the fire toxicity of insulation materials 15 unfortunately uses the overly simplistic and widely discredited13 , 14 UK Navy test, NES 713 which uses a closed chamber (~ 1m…”

Section: Toxic Fire Hazard Of Insulation Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials

Stec

Hull

2011

Energy and Buildings

200

109

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A significant element in the cost of a new building is devoted to fire safety. Energy efficiency drives the replacement of traditional building materials with lightweight insulation materials, which, if flammable can contribute to the fire load. Most fire deaths arise from inhalation of toxic gases. The fire toxicity of six insulation materials (glass wool, stone wool, expanded polystyrene foam, phenolic foam, polyurethane foam and polyisocyanurate foam) was investigated under a range of fire conditions. Two of the materials, stone wool and glass wool failed to ignite and gave consistently low yields of all of the toxic products. The toxicities of the effluents, showing the contribution of individual toxic components, are compared using the fractional effective dose (FED) model and LC 50 , (the mass required per unit volume to generate a lethal atmosphere under specified conditions). For polyisocyanurate and polyurethane foam this shows a significant contribution from hydrogen cyanide resulting in doubling of the overall toxicity, as the fire condition changes from well-ventilated to under-ventilated. These materials showed an order of increasing fire toxicity, from stone wool (least toxic), glass wool, polystyrene, phenolic, polyurethane to polyisocyanurate foam (most toxic).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxic Fire Hazard Of Insulation Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials

Stec

Hull

2011

Energy and Buildings

200

109

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“…Among these fire retardant chemicals, the use of brominated fire retardants is forbidden in Europe. Brominated fire retardants generate a large amount of toxic gases, such as hydrogen bromide (HBr), dioxins, etc., at the time of combustion (Dassari et al 2013;Liang et al 2007;Mfiso et al 2014). Although the use of halogen-based fire retardants is not yet regulated in Korea, studies of halogen-free fire retardants have been conducted (Jang and Choi 2009;Chung and Jin 2010;Lim et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fire risk of materials can be estimated based on certain factors, such as speed of flame spread, heat release rate, total heat release, and generation of combustion gas (Qian et al 2014;Wei et al 2015;Yew et al 2015). According to previous studies and statistical data on personal injuries in fires, injuries caused by toxic gas inhalation were more common than burns caused by direct flames (Liang and Ho 2007;Cho et al 2012;Stec et al 2008;Kobes et al 2010;Molyneux et al 2014). Specifically, 6.78% of firerelated deaths resulted from flames in Korea (Lee 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Properties of Pinus densiflora Utilizing Fire-retardant Chemicals Based on Borate and Phosphorus (II) – Thermal and Gas Emission Characteristics

Seo¹,

Kim²,

Jo³

et al. 2017

BioResources

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The pyrolysis characteristics of untreated pine and fire retardant-treated pine (Pinus densiflora) were measured by using thermogravimetric analysis according to the ASTM E1131-08 (2012) regulation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in chemical groups of fire-retardant treated specimens before and after the combustion test. In addition, the microstructures of the untreated specimen and the fire-retardant treated specimen after cone calorimeter testing were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Combustion gas toxicity was evaluated according to the test method described in Naval Engineering Standard 713 (1990). The emitted combustion gases of all specimens were carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOX), and acrylonitrile. The thermal decomposition rate was reduced by about one-third that of the fire-retardant treated specimen compared to the reduction rate of the untreated specimen. These results are useful for guiding the safe utilization of fire retardant-treated wood and wood-based materials for building applications.

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“…In general housing, organic building materials such as urethane and polyurethane foam have been used to increase insulation. These building materials have excellent insulation performance, but they are potentially dangerous due to emitting significant amounts of combustion gas and heat in a fire because of a low burning point (Lianga and Hob 2007;Stec and Hull 2011). For the above reasons, a new insulation building material is required, which is non-combustible and provides superior insulation (Short and Kinniburgh 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Design Methods for Lightweight Cement-Based Composites and Its Application

Kwon

Nishiwaki

Kikuta

et al. 2015

ACT

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The purpose of this paper is to propose a material design method of lightweight cement-based composites that reduces the mass of building components and provides them with better insulation. To achieve this purpose, a number of special lightweight aggregates were tested. Furthermore, material design methods based on the packing density models and the void system model for lightweight porous mortar (LWPM) were applied. A series of experiments was carried out in order to investigate the mechanical properties and to examine the thermal conductivity of various types of lightweight mortar. The study identified that the adopted material design methods were effective in reducing the density of lightweight mortar and in obtaining sufficient insulation performance. Furthermore, compressive strength sufficient for required structural performance was also achieved in certain types of lightweight mortar. Finally, lightweight insulation block (LWIB) was developed by combining the packing density model and the void system model for achieving both of sufficient bearing capacity and high insulation performance.

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Toxicity characteristics of commercially manufactured insulation materials for building applications in Taiwan

Cited by 64 publications

References 12 publications

Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials

Assessment of the fire toxicity of building insulation materials

Fire Properties of Pinus densiflora Utilizing Fire-retardant Chemicals Based on Borate and Phosphorus (II) – Thermal and Gas Emission Characteristics

Material Design Methods for Lightweight Cement-Based Composites and Its Application

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