Toxicity and uptake of cyclic nitramine explosives in ryegrass Lolium perenne

Rocheleau, Sylvie; Lachance, Bernard; Kuperman, Roman G.; Hawari, Jalal; Thiboutot, Sonia; Ampleman, Guy; Sunahara, Geoffrey I.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.012

Cited by 42 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Of the studies conducted, root elongation, seedling emergence, biomass production, and photosynthesis parameters have been used as phytotoxicity indicators. The majority of studies have been undertaken using agricultural species (Table 6) with more recent studies investigating phytotoxic effects on rye grass [212,226,227] and Arabidopsis [228]. While impacts on the aforementioned indicator parameters have been reported, few studies have determined NOEC, LOEC, EC 20 , or EC 50 values for explosive compounds (Table 5).…”

Section: Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

154

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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Section: Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

154

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The greatest concentration (10,000 mg/kg) was prepared in several steps using a stock solution of 40 g/L, each time not exceeding 15% (v/w) of soil weight. Acetone was allowed to volatilize for 2 h between the steps [13,16,29]. All treatment groups including the carrier control (no RDX added) received the same quantity of acetone.…”

Section: Preparation Of Rdx-amended Soil Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chem. 29,2010darkened chemical hood for at least 48 h to allow acetone to volatilize [14]. Control treatment groups also included a negative control (no acetone added) for each experiment.…”

Section: Preparation Of Rdx-amended Soil Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of soil interstitial water in the accumulation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine in the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Savard

Sarrazin

Dodard

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The uptake of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) from soil by the earthworm Eisenia andrei was examined by using the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) theory and a three‐compartment model including soil (S), interstitial water (IW), and earthworms (E). The RDX concentrations were measured using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Method 8330A and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The S‐IW studies were conducted using four natural soils with contrasting physicochemical properties that were hypothesized to affect the bioavailability of RDX. Each soil was amended with nominal RDX concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 mg/kg. The HPLC analysis showed that the IW extracted from soil was saturated with RDX at 80 mg/kg or greater soil concentrations. The calculated S‐IW coefficient (Kp) values for RDX ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 ml/g soil, depending on the soil type, and were influenced by the organic matter content. In the IW‐E studies, earthworms were exposed to nonlethal RDX concentrations in aqueous media. The uptake of RDX by the earthworms correlated well (r2 = 0.99) with the dissolved RDX concentrations. For the E‐S studies, earthworms were exposed to RDX‐amended soils used in the S‐IW studies. The bioconcentration factors (BCF; ratios of E‐to‐IW RDX concentrations) were relatively constant (∼5) up to 80 mg/kg soil RDX concentrations, which encompass the RDX saturation limit in the interstitial water of the tested soils. At this concentration range, the RDX uptake from interstitial water was likely dominated by passive diffusion and could be used as an indicator of bioavailability. Other mechanisms may be involved at greater RDX soil concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:998–1005. © 2009 SETAC

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“…Acetone solutions of RDX were poured evenly across the soil surface, ensuring that the volume of solution added did not exceed 15% ( v / w )o ft h ed r ys o i lm a s s .T h eg r e a t e s t concentration (10,000 mg/kg) was prepared in several steps using a stock solution of 40 g/L, each time not exceeding 15% of soil weight. Acetone was allowed to volatilize for 2 h between the steps [3,32]. The amended soil batches were kept in a darkened chemical hood for a minimum of 48 h to allow acetone evaporation [33].…”

Section: Soil Handling and Amendmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine by the earthworm Eisenia andrei in a sandy loam soil

Sarrazin

Dodard

Savard

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The heterocyclic polynitramine hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) is a highly energetic compound found as a soil contaminant at some defense installations. Although RDX is not lethal to soil invertebrates at concentrations up to 10,000 mg/kg, it decreases earthworm cocoon formation and juvenile production at environmentally relevant concentrations found at contaminated sites. Very little is known about the uptake of RDX in earthworms and the potential risks for food‐chain transfer of RDX in the environment. Toxicokinetic studies were conducted to quantify the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) using adult earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed for up to 14 d to sublethal concentrations of nonlabeled RDX or [14C]RDX in a Sassafras sandy loam soil. High‐performance liquid chromatography of acetonitrile extracts of tissue and soil samples indicated that nonlabeled RDX can be accumulated by the earthworm in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. The BAF, expressed as the earthworm tissue to soil concentration ratio, decreased from 6.7 to 0.1 when the nominal soil RDX concentrations were increased from 1 to 10,000 mg/kg. Tissue concentrations were comparable in earthworms exposed to nonlabeled RDX or [14C]RDX. The RDX bioaccumulation also was estimated using the kinetically derived model (BAFK), based on the ratio of the uptake to elimination rate constants. The established BAFK of 3.6 for [14C]RDX uptake was consistent with the results for nonlabeled RDX. Radioactivity also was present in the tissue residues of [14C]RDX‐exposed earthworms following acetonitrile extraction, suggesting the formation of nonextractable [14C]RDX metabolites associated with tissue macromolecules. These findings demonstrated a net accumulation of RDX in the earthworm and the potential for food‐chain transfer of RDX to higher‐trophic‐level receptors.

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Toxicity and uptake of cyclic nitramine explosives in ryegrass Lolium perenne

Cited by 42 publications

References 32 publications

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Role of soil interstitial water in the accumulation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine in the earthworm Eisenia andrei

Accumulation of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine by the earthworm Eisenia andrei in a sandy loam soil

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