Toxicity and Residues of Endosulfan Isomers

Sutherland, Tara D.; Home, Irene; Weir, Kahli M.; Russell, Robyn J.; Oakeshott, John G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9100-3_4

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…For this reason, the mice were monitored beyond the final 24 weeks ENDO application. As liposoluble ENDO (and its metabolites) are deposited in fatty tissues and the liver (Sutherland et al 2004), we expected there was likely accumulation of the pesticide, and that effects would be present up to the final timepoints (i.e. Week 42) of the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic exposure to endosulfan induces inflammation in murine colon via β-catenin expression and IL-6 production

Téllez‐Bañuelos

Haramati

Franco-Topete

et al. 2016

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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Endosulfan (ENDO) is a widely used organochlorine (OC) pesticide and persistent organo-pollutant. Epidemiological studies have shown that high levels of OC exposure were related to colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate histological changes in the colon, as well as in in situ expression of b-catenin and P-selectin, and serum levels of select pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice administered ENDO; there is a relationship between increased serum IL-6 and P-selectin levels in CRC patients and aberrant b-catenin signaling is important in initiation/maintenance of most CRCs. Mice were exposed to ENDO (at dose < LD 50 ) orally once a week for up to 24 weeks, and monitored (inclusive) for a total of 42 weeks. The experiment was comprised of three groups, one that did not receive ENDO (olive oil vehicle), one administered 2 mg ENDO/kg/week and a positive control (for induction of CRC) given a weekly 20 mg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)/kg injection. The results indicated that oral administration of ENDO provoked moderate inflammation starting at six weeks, and severe colonic inflammation with an appearance of dysplastic formations (aberrant crypts) in mice treated with ENDO (or DMH) for 12 weeks or longer. Serum IL-6 levels significantly increased starting at six weeks and rose to a peak of 15-fold higher than in controls at 42 weeks; TNFa levels likewise significantly increased, with a later peak (%four-fold higher than controls) at 30-42 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis of the colon also showed that expression of b-catenin and P-selectin increased with length of exposure to ENDO. Taken together, the results indicate that continued repeated oral exposure to ENDO induces increased expression of b-catenin and P-selectin, inflammation in the colon, and, ultimately, local tissue dysplasia. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic exposure to endosulfan induces inflammation in murine colon via β-catenin expression and IL-6 production

Téllez‐Bañuelos

Haramati

Franco-Topete

et al. 2016

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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“…Commercial endosulfan is a mixture of two diastereoisomers (approximately 30% ␤-endosulfan and 70% ␣-endosulfan) which differ dramatically in their physicochemical and environmental properties (31). The environmental dispersion pathways include hydrolysis of the sulfur moiety to nontoxic endosulfan diol or oxidation to endosulfate.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Single Monooxygenase, Ese, Is Involved in the Metabolism of the Organochlorides Endosulfan and Endosulfate in an Arthrobacter sp

Weir

Sutherland

Horne

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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107

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In this paper we describe isolation of a bacterium capable of degrading both isomers of the organochloride insecticide endosulfan and its toxic metabolite, endosulfate. The bacterium was isolated from a soil microbial population that was enriched with continuous pressure to use endosulfate as the sole source of sulfur. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence of the bacterium indicated that it was an Arthrobacter species. The organochloridedegrading activity was not observed in the presence of sodium sulfite as an alternative sulfur source, suggesting that the activity was part of the sulfur starvation response of the strain. A gene, ese, encoding an enzyme capable of degrading both isomers of endosulfan and endosulfate was isolated from this bacterium. The enzyme belongs to the two-component flavin-dependent monooxygenase family whose members require reduced flavin for activity. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses identified the metabolite of endosulfan as endosulfan monoalcohol and the metabolite of endosulfate as endosulfan hemisulfate. The ese gene was located in a cluster of 10 open reading frames encoding proteins with low levels of sulfur-containing amino acids. These open reading frames were organized into two apparent divergently orientated operons and a gene encoding a putative LysR-type transcriptional regulator. The operon not containing ese did contain a homologue whose product exhibited 62% amino acid identity to the ese-encoded protein.The organochloride (OC) insecticide endosulfan ( Fig. 1) was first released for commercial use in 1954 (19). A relatively reactive sulfur moiety in this compound results in a half-life that is shorter than those of other OCs, and because of this endosulfan is the only OC insecticide registered for use in many countries. Compared to other available insecticides, such as the synthetic pyrethroids, endosulfan has low toxicity for many beneficial insects, mites, and spiders (12). It is therefore important in the management of pest species. However, endosulfan is extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates, and this has led to an interest in postapplication detoxification of this insecticide (27)(28)(29)(30).Commercial endosulfan is a mixture of two diastereoisomers (approximately 30% ␤-endosulfan and 70% ␣-endosulfan) which differ dramatically in their physicochemical and environmental properties (31). The environmental dispersion pathways include hydrolysis of the sulfur moiety to nontoxic endosulfan diol or oxidation to endosulfate. Endosulfate is more persistent than and as toxic as the parent isomers and thus poses a significant environmental problem (12).Our laboratory is interested in isolating and characterizing bacteria and genes involved in detoxification of OC insecticides, particularly endosulfan and endosulfate, for the development of bioremediation technologies. We recently described Esd, an enzyme from a soil Mycobacterium species that degraded ␤-endosulfan (27,29,30). Esd is a member of the two-component flavin-dependent monooxygenase (TC-FDM) family of en...

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“…However, these detoxifying processed do not appear to be entirely satisfactory because these are because of toxic effects to fish and aquatic invertebrates and these have been implicated in mammalian gonadal toxicity, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity (Siddique et al, 2003a;Sutherland et al, 2004). Moreover, the use of pure cultures of microorganisms, specially adapted to metabolize the contaminant, can be envisaged as an attractive alternative (Prieto et al, 2002).…”

Section: ~1100mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of Endosulfan by Klebsiella oxytoca KE-8 Immobilized on Activated Carbon

Jo¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2010

Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture

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Endosulfan degrading ability of(dry weight) degraded 22.18 ug ml -1 endosulfan within 5 days at pH 7.0, 30℃ in batch shake flask cultures. Also, we an experimented recycle packed bed column mode and continuous packed bed column mode for endosulfan degradation. Under optimum operation condition, the immobilized cells in a laboratory scale pack bed column with support beads were able to degrade endosulfan completely in defined minimal salt medium at a maximum rate of 129.6 ug ml -1 per day. Moreover, the endosulfan degradation activity could be demonstrated at 4℃ for one month without significant decrease in activity. Results of this study suggest that immobilized cells of Klebsiella oxytoca KE-8 might be applicable to endosulfan contaminated site.

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Toxicity and Residues of Endosulfan Isomers

Cited by 47 publications

References 40 publications

Chronic exposure to endosulfan induces inflammation in murine colon via β-catenin expression and IL-6 production

Chronic exposure to endosulfan induces inflammation in murine colon via β-catenin expression and IL-6 production

A Single Monooxygenase, Ese, Is Involved in the Metabolism of the Organochlorides Endosulfan and Endosulfate in an Arthrobacter sp

Biodegradation of Endosulfan by Klebsiella oxytoca KE-8 Immobilized on Activated Carbon

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