Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> Extract in Rat and Mouse

Rider, Cynthia V.; Nyska, Abraham; Cora, Michelle; Kissling, Grace E.; Smith, Clayton; Travlos, Gregory S.; Hejtmancik, Milton R.; Fomby, Laurene M.; Colleton, Curtis; Ryan, Michael J.; Kooistra, Linda; Morrison, James P.; Chan, Po-Chuen

doi:10.1177/0192623313501235

Cited by 45 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The study was performed by NIH National Toxicology Program (NTP) and concluded that GBE might elicit toxic and cancer-related consequences in rodents. The carcinogenic effects reported were stomach ulcers, organ modification including carcinogenic activity in the liver, liver and thyroid gland hypertrophy, liver hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis (National Toxicology Program, 2013;Rider et al, 2014). These reports raised concerns about the safety of GBE.…”

Section: Safety Toxicity and Side Effects Of G Bilobamentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety

et al. 2020

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially lifethreatening adverse effects, and possible herb-drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the

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Section: Safety Toxicity and Side Effects Of G Bilobamentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety

et al. 2020

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“…Although a human study demonstrated that GBE may protect from oxidative and genotoxic damage due to treatment with radioactive iodine in thyroid cancer patients (Dardano et al, 2012), GBE was classified as being possibly carcinogenic to humans (2B group) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 2016).The results of animal studies demonstrated that GBE could induce pathological changes in the hepatic, thyroid, and nasal tissues of mice and rats. The most obvious carcinogenic responses were the increase in liver tumors in mice and thyroid gland follicular cell tumors in rats (Rider et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animal experiments of GBE mainly focused on demonstrating its anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties without paying attention to its possible toxicity and carcinogenicity (Mahadevan and Park 2008). However, a recent study demonstrated that oral GBE intake resulted in increase in liver tumors in male and female mice and thyroid gland follicular cell tumors in male and female rats (Rider et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Potential Toxic Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Thyroid Gland of adult male and female Albino Rats: Light and Electron Microscopic study

Abdellah

George

Bushra

2017

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

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Background: Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is an alcohol extract of leaves from the Ginkgo biloba tree. The extract is available in form of tablets or capsules and its main medical use to improve memory and brain function. In spite of widespread human exposure to relatively high doses over potentially long periods of time, there is few studies regarding the toxicity and carcinogenicity associated with GBE. Aim: to study the potential toxicity of GBE on thyroid gland. Methods: solutions containing GBE in corn oil were administered by peroral intubationto male and female rats five times a week for three months. Groups of 20 rats received 40 mg/kg of GBE, and another group received 500 mg/kg five times a week. Another group of rats given solutions of corn oil with no chemical added. Similar group of animal of rats were given nothing except food and water and served as the blank control groups. Thyroid hormones including thyroid stimulating hormone, total triiodothyronine (T3), and total thyroxine (T4) were measured during the study. At the end of the study, thyroid tissues were examined for every animal by light and electron microscope. Results: In the small dose group ,thyroid gland showed disorganized follicles of varying diameters with little amount of the colloid in some follicles while others demonstrated absent colloid with desquamated epithelial cells in their lumens. In the high dose group, thyroid gland was composed of very small follicles. Some follicles had no apparent lumina. Follicular cells were found in more than one layer (adenoma) with Infiltration of interfollicular spaces by fatty cells. Conclusions: GBE is a complex mixture that induces only pathological changes in rat thyroid gland.

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“…Raised incidences of hyaline droplet accumulation and olfactory epithelium pigmentation were also found. 11 These studies provide substantial evidence on how Ginkgo biloba can produce cancerous lesions but reports of any such events are required in human subjects also for conclusive validation.…”

Section: Ginkgo Bilobamentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogenic herbs: a review

2019

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Herbal toxicity is a field that has rapidly grown over the last few years along with increased use of herbal products worldwide. People prefer using herbal medicines rather than allopathic because herbals are considered safe. Use of herbal medicines from ancient times does not ensure their complete safety. With the growing awareness regarding pharmacovigilance worldwide, there has been an increase in the number of reported adverse events occurring with the use of herbal products. The objective of the study is to aware the researchers about most commonly used Indian medicinal herbs inducing carcinogenicity like Aloe vera, Ginkgo biloba, Kava kava, etc.

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Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Rat and Mouse

Cited by 45 publications

References 42 publications

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety

The Potential Toxic Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Thyroid Gland of adult male and female Albino Rats: Light and Electron Microscopic study

Carcinogenic herbs: a review

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