Toxic weed seed contaminants in soybean processing

List, G. R.; Spencer, Gayland F.; Hunt, W. Haward

doi:10.1007/bf02663046

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…21 Every morphological part of the Datura plants contains belladonna alkaloids and the concentration will vary depending on the species, climate, rainfall, season of the year, and the part of the plant that is involved in the exposure. 29 In decreasing order, the belladonna alkaloid content is generally the greatest in the petioles (flowers), stem, fruit (seeds), leaves, and roots. 29 When Datura is used for substance-abuse purposes, ingestion (usually of the seeds) is the most common route of exposure.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 In decreasing order, the belladonna alkaloid content is generally the greatest in the petioles (flowers), stem, fruit (seeds), leaves, and roots. 29 When Datura is used for substance-abuse purposes, ingestion (usually of the seeds) is the most common route of exposure. 30 The alkaloids are synthesized in the roots and then stored in vacuoles throughout the plant.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29,37,38 However, it is unlikely that humans would experience second-hand toxicity by eating animal meat and by-products such as milk or eggs.…”

Section: Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aspects ofDaturapoisoning and treatment

Krenzelok

2010

Clinical Toxicology

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Introduction. Datura species, especially Datura stramonium (e.g., jimsonweed), are the focus of scores of case reports that chronicle the toxidrome of anticholinergic toxicity. Mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicity occurs because of the presence of up to 28 belladonna alkaloids, predominated by atropine and scopolamine. There are significant interspecies differences in the ratio of the belladonna alkaloids, atropine to scopolamine, and the presence of at least 26 other related alkaloids will vary, even between and among specimens of the same species. The differences may account for unexpected dose-response effects that are observed in some patients and even different profiles of toxicity. All parts of the Datura species contain belladonna alkaloids; in decreasing order, the belladonna alkaloid content is generally the greatest in the petioles (flowers), stem, fruit (seeds), leaves, and roots. Features. The most prominent symptoms are due to the blockade of peripheral muscarinic receptors that innervate exocrine glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac tissue. Therefore, the primary toxic manifestations include mydriasis, which is due to the blockade of papillary sphincter muscle and iris muscle; dry mouth, secondary to parasympathetic blockade of salivary secretion; tachycardia, caused by competition at muscarinic receptors in postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and blockade of receptors in the SA node; and fever and erythema, because of vasodilation and inhibition of sweating. Direct ocular exposure. Well known to produce mydriasis after ingestion, Datura is also notorious for producing maladies such as "gardeners eye" and "cornpickers eye," which is a testament to the high concentrations of belladonna alkaloids in the entire plant. When the sap or dried plant material from a member of the Datura species enters the eye directly, the papillary sphincter and ciliary muscles are affected resulting in mydriasis and cycloplegia. Pupil dilation is sudden in onset and often profound. In a dose-response fashion, the mydriasis and its persistence will be dependent on the alkaloidal content and quantity of the sap. The mydriasis can be bilateral, but most commonly it is unilateral, which is frightening to the victim and to the clinician and suggestive of significant cerebral pathology. Management. As with any toxic exposure, the foundation of patient management is supportive care and patient reassurance. Because of the central nervous system effects of the belladonna alkaloids, the patient may be agitated, combative, confused, and disoriented. Initial intervention focuses on addressing those issues that protect the patient and their caregivers. In severe cases, physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, should be used to reverse anticholinergic toxicity. Physostigmine should be given intravenously to an adult in a dose of 0.5-2.0 mg at a rate of no more than 1 mg/min; a second dose may be administered if necessary. Children should receive 0.02 mg/ kg intravenously and the rate should not exceed 0.5 mg/min. Extracorporeal eliminat...

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Section: Mechanisms Of Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aspects ofDaturapoisoning and treatment

Krenzelok

2010

Clinical Toxicology

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“…For example, atropine is more abundant in D. stramonium whereas scopolamine is prevalent in D. ferox . D. stramonium seeds found as contaminants in a soybean crop contained atropine, scopolamine and total alkaloid levels of 0.29%, 0.05%, and 0.34%, respectively, corresponding to an scopolamine:atropine ratio of 15:85 [ 30 ]. In another study, the scopolamine:atropine ratio found in D. ferox seeds was found to be 98:2 [ 31 ].…”

Section: Tropane Alkaloidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicosis by Plant Alkaloids in Humans and Animals in Colombia

Diaz¹

2015

Toxins

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Due to its tropical location, chains of mountains, inter-Andean valleys, Amazon basin area, eastern plains and shores on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Colombia has many ecosystems and the second largest plant biodiversity in the world. Many plant species, both native and naturalized, are currently recognized as toxic for both animals and humans, and some of them are known to cause their toxic effects due to their alkaloid content. Among these, there are plants containing the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, neurotoxins such as the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine and the piperidine alkaloids coniine and γ-coniceine and tropane alkaloids. Unfortunately, the research in toxic plants in Colombia is not nearly proportional to its plant biodiversity and the scientific information available is only very scarce. The present review aims at summarizing the scarce information about plant alkaloid toxicosis in animals and humans in Colombia.

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“…There are no recent reports on the effect of ensiling on levels of TAs in contaminated silage. However, List and Spencer (1979) reported that livestock in the United States have perished as a result of consuming Jimson weed plants present in hay or silage, suggesting that the ensiling process does not destroy the TAs.…”

Section: Food and Feed Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Tropane alkaloids in food and feed

2013

EFS2

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of tropane alkaloids (TAs) in food and feed. TAs are secondary metabolites which occur in several plant families. Although more than 200 different TAs have been identified in various plants, respective data on toxicity and occurrence in food and feed are limited. Therefore, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) could only perform a risk assessment on (-)-hyoscyamine and (-)-scopolamine, the two TAs for which occurrence and toxicity data were available. Since the pharmacological effects of (-)-hyoscyamine and (-)-scopolamine occur within a short time after administration, the CONTAM Panel concluded that it was appropriate to establish an Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) for these substances. Based on the results for decreased heart rate in a human volunteer study, the CONTAM Panel established a group ARfD of 0.016 µg/kg body weight (b.w.) expressed as the sum of (-)-hyoscyamine and (-)-scopolamine, assuming equivalent potency. Results on TAs in 124 food and 611 feed samples were collected in two Member States. Most of the food and feed samples were left-censored (below limit of detection/limit of quantification). A reliable exposure estimate was only possible for one food and one age class (toddlers). Based on the limited information, the CONTAM Panel concluded that the dietary exposure of toddlers could be up to seven times the group ARfD and could exceed the group ARfD on approximately 11 to 18 % of consumption days. TA toxicosis in livestock and companion animals is relatively rare. © European SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of tropane alkaloids (TA) in food and feed.TAs are secondary metabolites which naturally occur in plants of several families including Brassicaceae, Solanaceae (e.g. mandrake, henbane, deadly nightshade, Jimson weed) and Erythroxylaceae (including coca). The TAs are found in all parts of the plants and are responsible for the toxic effects of some of these plants. TAs contain an azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring structure. The common structural element is the tropane skeleton, (1R,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane. The group of TAs comprises more than 200 compounds and the wide range of compounds occurring especially in the Solanaceae family arises from the esterification of tropine with a variety of acids, such as acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, tiglic acid, (+)-α-hydroxy-β-phenylpropionic acid, tropic acid, and atropic acid.Although more than 200 different TAs were so far identified in various plants, respective data on their occurrence in food and feed and on toxicity are limited. The most studied TAs are (-)-hyoscyamine and (-)-scopolamine, which in contrast to the (+...

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Toxic weed seed contaminants in soybean processing

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Aspects ofDaturapoisoning and treatment

Aspects ofDaturapoisoning and treatment

Toxicosis by Plant Alkaloids in Humans and Animals in Colombia

Scientific Opinion on Tropane alkaloids in food and feed

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