Scientific Opinion on Tropane alkaloids in food and feed

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doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3386

Cited by 52 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Regarding previous EFSA risk assessments, tropane alkaloids were identified from an Opinion of the EFSA Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2013 ), as an example of a biologically relevant NMDR and included in this assessment. It should be noted that relevant publications will inevitably have been missed, as the term NMDR is often not used to describe these types of dose‐response curves.…”

Section: Data and Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion on the impact of non‐monotonic dose responses on EFSA′s human health risk assessments

More¹,

Benford²,

Bennekou³

et al. 2021

EFS2

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This Opinion assesses the biological relevance of the non‐monotonic dose responses ( NMDR ) identified in a previous EFSA External Report (Beausoleil et al., 2016) produced under GP / EFSA / SCER /2014/01 and the follow‐up probabilistic assessment (Chevillotte et al., 2017a,b), focusing on the in vivo data sets fulfilling most of the checkpoints of the visual/statistical‐based analysis identified in Beausoleil et al. (2016). The evaluation was completed with cases discussed in EFSA assessments and the update of the scientific literature. Observations of NMDR were confirmed in certain studies and are particularly relevant for receptor‐mediated effects. Based on the results of the evaluation, the Opinion proposes an approach to be applied during the risk assessment process when apparent non‐monotonicity is observed, also providing advice on specific elements to be considered to facilitate the assessment of NMDR in EFSA risk assessments. The proposed approach was applied to two case studies, Bisphenol A and bis(2‐ethylhexyl phthalate ( DEHP ) and these evaluations are reported in dedicated annexes. Considering the potential impact of NMDR s in regulatory risk assessment, the Scientific Committee recommends a concerted international effort on developing internationally agreed guidance and harmonised frameworks for identifying and addressing NMDR s in the risk assessment process.

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Section: Data and Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion on the impact of non‐monotonic dose responses on EFSA′s human health risk assessments

More¹,

Benford²,

Bennekou³

et al. 2021

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Detailed information on the structures and chemical information on relevant TA have been provided in the EFSA opinion of 2013 (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2013) and in the EFSA external scientific report (Mulder et al, 2016). In 2013, the risks to public health related to the presence of TA in food were evaluated by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) in a Scientific Opinion (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2013). Although more than 200 different TA have been identified in various plants, respective data on toxicity and occurrence in food were limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the outcome of EFSA's scientific opinion on TA in food and feed (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2013), the Commission adopted on the 19th of June 2015 the Commission Recommendation (EU) 2015/976 on the monitoring of the presence of TA in food to collect more occurrence data on the presence of TA in food.…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2013, the risks to public health related to the presence of TA in food were evaluated by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) in a Scientific Opinion (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2013). Although more than 200 different TA have been identified in various plants, respective data on toxicity and occurrence in food were limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hyoscyamine is the ester of tropane-3a-ol (3a-hydroxytropane) and S-(-)-tropic acid. Detailed information on the structures and chemical information on relevant TA have been provided in the EFSA opinion of 2013 (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2013) and in the EFSA external scientific report (Mulder et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human acute exposure assessment to tropane alkaloids

Arcella¹,

Altieri²,

Horváth³

2018

EFS2

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Tropane alkaloids (TA) are secondary metabolites occurring in several plant families, including Solanaceae. The most studied TA are (-)-hyoscyamine and (-)-scopolamine, which is in contrast to the (+)-enantiomers formed naturally. The racemic mixture of (-)-hyoscyamine and (+)-hyoscyamine is called atropine. In 2013, the EFSA CONTAM Panel carried out an acute dietary exposure assessment for the sum of (-)-hyoscyamine and (-)-scopolamine (group Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) 16 ng/kg body weight (bw)), and identified a potential concern for toddlers. This scientific report provides a more extensive acute dietary human exposure assessment of TA using 39,725 analytical results on 31 TA sampled between 2009 and 2016 in 13 European countries. Most of the analytical results (95%) were left-censored (i.e. below the limit of detection or below the limit of quantification). High concentrations were reported for atropine and scopolamine in tea and herbal infusions, cereal bars and spices. The mean and 95th percentiles (P95) acute dietary exposures to the sum of atropine and scopolamine were highest in infants, toddlers and other children. Under the upper bound (UB) assumption, the group ARfD exceeded for the sum of atropine and scopolamine at the mean level in toddlers and other children, and at the P95 in all age classes. Under the lower-bound (LB) assumption, the group ARfD was exceeded for atropine at the P95 in toddlers, and for the sum of atropine and scopolamine at the P95 in toddlers and other children. Very large differences were observed between the LB and UB estimated exposure levels across all age classes. Overall, among processed foods, the main contributors to the exposure to the sum of atropine and scopolamine were, at the UB, bread and cereal-based foods, and, at the LB, tea and herbal infusions for all age classes.

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Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry

Nardin

Piasentier

Barnaba

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Herbal infusions are consumed worldwide thanks to their "natural" beneficial effects, also due to the presence of alkaloids, although these compounds can have poisonous effects. A method combining online solid-phase purification with high resolution mass spectrometry was used to define the alkaloid profiles of 117 herbs and 7 commercial blends. Forty-one alkaloids were quantified in reference to analytical standards, while the presence of a further 116 was confirmed based on accurate mass, retention time, and fragmentation profile. The targeted study showed that 52% of herbs and 42% of commercial blends contained at least one alkaloid. Pyrrolizidines were the most commonly present (26% of samples), with concentrations generally ranging from the quantification limit to roughly 100 μg kg . Moreover, a homemade infusion was studied, finding on average 45% and 6% lower extraction for pyrrolizidine and steroidal alkaloids, respectively. Nevertheless, the migration of pyrrolizidines was confirmed. The study confirmed the frequent presence, natural or accidental, of alkaloids in commercial infusion herbs, highlighting the urgent need for routine and accurate controls.

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Scientific Opinion on Tropane alkaloids in food and feed

Cited by 52 publications

References 156 publications

Opinion on the impact of non‐monotonic dose responses on EFSA′s human health risk assessments

Opinion on the impact of non‐monotonic dose responses on EFSA′s human health risk assessments

Human acute exposure assessment to tropane alkaloids

Alkaloid profiling of herbal drugs using high resolution mass spectrometry

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