Toxic Trace Elements: Preferential Concentration in Respirable Particles

Natusch, D. F. S.; Wallace, John R.; Evans, C. A.

doi:10.1126/science.183.4121.202

Cited by 410 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The manufacture of these materials has released great quantities of atmospheric contaminants into the environment, including heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, gases, etc. Due to the potential impact that these contaminants may have upon the human body and ecosystem, particles with diameters inferior to 10 µm (PM 10 ) are particularly important as carriers of harmful trace elements like As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn (Natusch et al 1974;Dockery and Pope 1994); furthermore, these are highly associated with anthropogenic activity. Many studies exist relating increases in mortality with increases in PM 10 levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PM10 source apportionment in the surroundings of the San Vicente del Raspeig cement plant complex in southeastern Spain

Yubero

Carratalá

Crespo

et al. 2010

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Introduction The concentrations of trace metals, ionic species, and carbonaceous components in PM 10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 10 µm) were measured from samples collected near an industrial complex, primarily composed of cement plants, in southeastern Spain, from September 2005 to August 2006. Materials and methods Positive matrix factorization and conditional probability function were applied to this data set to identify different types of sources. Results Six significant sources were identified: crustal matter, traffic, aged sea salt, industrial emissions, secondary aerosol, and sea salt. The difficulty of separating anthropogenic sources from those of natural origin is highlighted in this study; in particular, the crustal source can be connected with both natural (African outbreaks, wind resuspension) and man-made emissions, like fugitive emissions in an industrial environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PM10 source apportionment in the surroundings of the San Vicente del Raspeig cement plant complex in southeastern Spain

Yubero

Carratalá

Crespo

et al. 2010

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…In addition, from the combustion of nearly 600 millions tons of coal per year in the U. S., it is estimated that thousands of tons of.potentially hazardous trace elements are released into the environment each year (Harvey et al, 1983;Akers, 1989). The airborne particulates that escape the post-combustion cleaning processes are respirable particles having an enriched concentration of trace elements on their surfaces (Natusch et al, 1973;Linton et al, 1976). As a result, the U. S. government is expected to place limits on trace element emissions as part of the Clean Air Act Amendment.…”

Section: Statement Of Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced physical coal cleaning to comply with potential air toxic regulations. Quarterly report, 1 March 1995--31 May 1995

Honaker¹,

Paul²,

Mohanty³

et al. 1995

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Studies have indicated that the potentially hazardous trace elements found in coal have a strong affinity for coal pyrite. Thus, by maximizing the rejection of pyrite, one can minimize the trace element content of a given coal while also reducing sulfur emissions. The pyrite in most Illinois Basin coals, however, is finely disseminated within the coal matrix. Therefore, to remove the pyrite using physical coal cleaning techniques, the pyrite must be liberated by grinding the coal to ultrafine particle sizes. Fortunately, the coals being fed to pulverized coal boilers (PCB) are already ground to a very fine size, Le., 70% passing 200 mesh. Therefore, this research project will investigate the use of advanced fine coal cleaning technologies for cleaning PCB feed as a compliance strategy.Work in this quarter has focused on the processing of a run-of-mine coal sample collected from Amax Coal Company's Delta Coal mine using column flotation and an enhanced gravity separator as separate units and in circuitry arrangements. The -60 mesh run-ofmine sample having an ash content of-about 22 % was cleaned to 6 % while achieving a very high energy recovery of about 87% and.a sulfur rejection value of 53 % in a single stage column flotation operation. Enhanced gravity treatment is believed to be providing excellent total sulfur rejection values, although with inferior ash rejection for the -400 mesh size fraction. The circuitry arrangement with the Falcon concentrator as the primary cleaner followed by the Packed-Column resulted in an excellent ash rejection performance, which out performed the release analysis. Trace element analyses of the samples collected from these tests will be conducted during the next report period. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS U N U M m & r / EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 requires U. S . utilities to comply with an increasing variety of environmental regulations. The restrictions on sulfur dioxide emissions in particular have received the most attention due to their impacts on medium and high sulfur coal markets. Another regulation that the Clean Air Act Amendment will impose in 1995 is the limitation of air toxic emissions. It has been estimated that, due to the combustion of over 600 million tons of coal per year, thousands of tons of potentially hazardous trace elements are released into the atmosphere. Thus, it is important to develop a pre-combustion coal cleaning strategy that will effectively reduce the trace element and sulfur contents of Illinois Basin coal.The results of conventional float-sink tests have indicated that most trace elements are largely inorganically associated with the coal matrix, although a few of them, such as boron, beryllium and germanium, are strongly bound to the organic portion of coal and probably present as metal chelates. This conclusion has provided a basis for the reduction of the levels of many trace elements by physical coal cleaning methods. For example, it was found that many elements of environmental concern, including ar...

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“…Natusch and his co-workers (20)(21)(22)(23) were the first to emphasize the importance of particle size in fly ash analysis. Their work over the years showed preferential concentration of volatile trace elements on fly ash surfaces.…”

Section: Chemical Characterization Elemental Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products.

Fisher¹

1983

Environ Health Perspect

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The evaluation of the potential public and occupational health hazards of developing and existing combustion processes requires a detailed understanding of the physical and chemical properties of effluents available for human and environmental exposures. These processes produce complex mixtures of gases and aerosols which may interact synergistically or antagonistically with biological systems. Because of the physicochemical complexity of the effluents, the biomedically relevant properties of these materials must be carefully assessed. Subsequent to release from combustion sources, environmental interactions further complicate assessment of the toxicity of combustion products. This report provides an overview of the biomedically relevant physical and chemical properties of coal fly ash. Coal fly ash is presented as a model complex mixture for health and safety evaluation of combustion processes.

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Toxic Trace Elements: Preferential Concentration in Respirable Particles

Cited by 410 publications

References 10 publications

PM10 source apportionment in the surroundings of the San Vicente del Raspeig cement plant complex in southeastern Spain

PM10 source apportionment in the surroundings of the San Vicente del Raspeig cement plant complex in southeastern Spain

Advanced physical coal cleaning to comply with potential air toxic regulations. Quarterly report, 1 March 1995--31 May 1995

Biomedically relevant chemical and physical properties of coal combustion products.

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