Toxic Shock Syndrome

Findlay, Robert F.; Odom, Richard B.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1982.tb02052.x

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…S. aureus strains producing Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL), a bicomponent cytotoxin encoded by prophage, show a propensity for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) and necrotizing pneumonia [ 2 ]. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) cause food poisoning with emesis [ 3 ], while toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is associated with severe multisystem illness [ 4 ]. SEs and TSST-1 are superantigens that have the ability to activate a large number of repertoires of T cells via binding to MHC class II and the Vβ chains of T cell receptor, leading to cytokine storm [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus Isolates Harboring Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, Enterotoxins, and TSST-1 Genes from Food Handlers in Myanmar

Aung

San²,

Aye

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus are potential source of diseases, including food poisoning. Toxigenic potential and genetic traits of colonizing S. aureus were investigated for 563 healthy food handlers in Myanmar. Carriage of S. aureus was found in 110 individuals (19.5%), and a total of 144 S. aureus isolates were recovered from nasal cavities (110 isolates) and hands (34 isolates). Panton-Valentine leucocidin genes (pvl) were detected in 18 isolates (12.5%), among which 11 isolates were classified into coa-VIa, agr type III, and ST1930 (CC96) that had been also detected in pvl-positive clinical isolates in Myanmar. A pvl-positive, ST2250 nasal isolate was identified as S. argenteus, a novel coagulase-positive staphylococcus species. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) gene was detected in five pvl-negative isolates. All of the 144 isolates harbored at least one of the 21 enterotoxin(-like) gene(s). The most prevalent enterotoxin(-like) gene was selw (98%), followed by selx (97%), sei (28%), sely (28%), sem (26%), sel (24%), and sea and sec (22% each). Considerable genetic diversity with five groups was detected for selw. The present study revealed the relatively high rate of pvl, as well as the wide distribution of enterotoxin(-like) genes among colonizing S. aureus in Myanmar.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus Isolates Harboring Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, Enterotoxins, and TSST-1 Genes from Food Handlers in Myanmar

Aung

San²,

Aye

et al. 2017

Toxins

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“…No data are available on the presence of PVL in MSSA and MRSA isolates obtained from HCW in Madagascar. Another staphylococcal virulence factor, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), causes severe illness and multisystem clinical manifestations [ 19 ]. Few studies report the prevalence of TSST-1 in healthy carriers from Africa; to date, no data are available with respect to Madagascan HCW [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of nasal colonisation by methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers and students in Madagascar

et al. 2016

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BackgroundMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones pose a significant threat to hospitalised patients because the bacteria can be transmitted by asymptomatic carriers within healthcare facilities. To date, nothing is known about the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA among healthcare workers in Madagascar.The objective of our study was to examine the prevalence and clonal epidemiology of nasal S. aureus and MRSA among healthcare workers and non-medical University students in Antananarivo, Madagascar.MethodsThis cross sectional study screened nasal swabs taken from students and healthcare workers for S. aureus. Multiplex PCR was performed to identify S. aureus-specific (nuc), MRSA-specific mecA and mecC genes, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) (lukF-PV), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) specific genes in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA isolates. Staphylococcus protein A gene (spa) typing was performed for all confirmed MRSA isolates. The frequency distribution of nasal S. aureus and MRSA of healthcare workers and non-medical students was compared using Pearson’s χ2 test.ResultsOf 1548 nasal swabs tested, 171 (11 %) were positive for S. aureus; 20 (1.3 %) of these isolates were identified as MRSA. S. aureus was detected in 91 of 863 healthcare workers (10.4 %) and in 80 (11.8 %) of 685 students; however, 14 (1.5 %) healthcare workers carried MRSA compared with six (0.9 %) students. Nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA was more prevalent in women than in men, and 21 (11.7 %) S. aureus isolates were PVL-positive and 36 (21 %) were TSST-1 positive. The mecC gene was not detected in any isolates. Five different spa types were identified, with spa type t186 being the predominant MRSA clone (16/20).ConclusionThe results of the present study reveal a low frequency of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage in both students and healthcare workers from Antananarivo, Madagascar. The predominant MRSA clone (t186) was previously described in hospitalised patients in Madagascar.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1733-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Usually the illness comes on precipitously with a fever of at least 38.9°C ( 102°F), chills, myalgias, headache, hypotension (systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or less), conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, and a widespread rash (Fig 2). The diffuse sunburn-like nontender, blanchable, macular erythema may be prominent or so mild as to be overlooked or attributed to the fever [15]. This diffuse erythema may evolve into discrete macules [10].…”

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confidence: 98%

“…In addition to the gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting and watery diarrhea, which frequently herald the onset of illness, there is usually prominent musculoskeletal. involvement with exquisite muscle tenderness (15]. Neurological manifestations may include disorientation, agitation, somnolence, paresthesias, seizures, and meningeal signs [10].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Serum should also be obtained for viral and antibody studies. The recommended therapy for TSS includes a beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotic bactericidal against S auret4s,-although the drug may not ameliorate the acute illness, it does reduce the risks of bacteremia and recurrent illness [ 10,15]. Fluid replacement is the cornerstone of management to restore blood pressure and maintain perfusion of vital organs.…”

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