Toxic Responses of the Adrenal Cortex

Harvey, P.W.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.01115-5

Cited by 6 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…rich blood supply to rapidly distribute steroids systemically) that also convey vulnerability of the adrenal to exposure to toxicants and in turn toxic insult. Such properties have been identified [7,12] and are listed below:…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Adrenal Gland Conveying Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adrenal atrophy commonly occurs with glucocorticoid agonists where their action is similar to endogenous steroids in providing negative feedback inhibition to hypothalamus and pituitary and reduction of ACTH secretion, resulting in a loss of trophic support to the gland. Adrenal atrophy may express as reduced size and weight but in the case of marked ACTH suppression it manifests as a marked thinning of the zona fasciculata upon microscopic examination ( [13] and see discussions in [12,15]). Patients on long term glucocorticoid therapy lose the ability to maintain their own adequate glucocorticoid levels and upon withdrawal will experience adrenal insufficiency.…”

Section: Regulatory Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adrenocortical endocrine disruption

Harvey

2016

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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Section: Characteristics Of the Adrenal Gland Conveying Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regulatory Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenocortical endocrine disruption

Harvey

2016

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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“…Adrenal medulla synthesize, store and secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and nor-epinephrine) ( the established hormones of emergency (Rady 2009); while a variety of steroid hormones are produced in adrenal cortex. Three distinct zones of adrenal cortex namely: Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata and Zona Reticularis produce mineralocorticoids (the aldosterone), glucocorticoids (corticosterone and cortisol) and sex steroids (adrenal androgens), respectively (Rosol et al 2001;Harvey 2010). These three major classes of adrenal steroids are respectively involved in homeostasis of osmotic and ionic regulations; metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; and the suppression of inflammatory and immune responses under toxic and oxidative stress conditions (Salih 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under stressful conditions (DZ exposure) secretion of glucocorticoids (corticosterone and cortisol) increase (Buckingham 2008;Harvey 2010). Exposure of OP pesticides in general and DZ in particular has been related to the serum concentration of testosterone along with simultaneous pathologies of testis in rats and mice (Fattahi et al 2009;Okamura et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adrenal hormones directly influence the metabolic adjustments of carbohydrates proteins and lipids; thus, influencing the functional status of all major body organs including heart, liver, kidney, bones, muscles and nervous system in animals (Harvey 2010). Stress related activities such as exposure to an insecticide trigger adrenal medulla and cortex for enhanced secretions of catecholamines and glucocorticoids, respectively (Jortner 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Histological and micrometric effects of diazinon exposure on adrenal medulla and cortex in mice

Raees¹,

Ishfaq

Ullah

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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Histopathological effects of Diazinon (DZ) were studied on adrenal gland in virgin young female mice divided into five groups (10 animals each): (1) Control (untreated); (2) and (3) 9 and 18 mg kg(1 single exposure groups (given distilled water on day 1 and 2 and DZ on day 3); (4) and (5) 9 and 18 mg kg(1 multiple exposure groups (given respective DZ doses on days 1Á3). All doses were applied by gavage. Animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation on day 6. Adrenals were removed surgically for histological and micrometric assessments of medulla and cortex. Histological examination of adrenal medulla revealed apoptotic changes and granular depletion in chromaffin cells while cortex gave impression of increased thickness of Zona Fasciculata following multiple DZ exposures. Mean cell sizes in cortical and medullary regions showed dose and exposure dependent significant decline. In conclusion, DZ exposure caused granular depletion in chromaffin cells indicating a rapid release of adrenaline and increased fascicular thickness indicating an anticipated shift from adrenal sex steroids to glucocorticoids biosynthesis and release. Apoptotic changes and significant decline in mean cell sizes of cortical and medullary regions were considered as the outcomes of oxidative and biosynthetic stresses of DZ exposure.

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Adrenocortical hypertrophy: establishing cause and toxicological significance

Harvey

Sutcliffe

2010

J of Applied Toxicology

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The primary cause of adrenocortical hypertrophy is increased adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. In toxicology studies, such a condition can arise as a result of the stress response, but it may also occur due to deficient glucocorticoid feedback regulation of ACTH due to toxicity to the adrenal cortex. This latter condition is defined as adrenocortical insufficiency and represents a serious adverse toxic effect on the function of the adrenal cortex. Adrenocortical hypertrophy may occur in the absence of other adrenocortical lesions such that a toxicopathological mechanism is not obvious, for example by pharmacological inhibition of steroidogenesis at the biochemical level. This review discusses the different aetiological factors and mechanisms producing adrenocortical hypertrophy. The need for further evidence in ascribing findings to stress is discussed, as is a protocol for establishing differential diagnoses between stress-induced and toxicity-induced adrenocortical hypertrophy, which is useful in cases where there are no other histopathological lesions in the adrenal cortex. It is concluded that all cases of adrenocortical hypertrophy require further investigation or evidence to ascribe such findings to either stress or adrenocortical inhibition/insufficiency, and that all cases of adrenocortical insufficiency (whether due to a histopathological lesion or reversible pharmacological enzyme inhibition) represent a serious adverse effect that must be properly considered in toxicological risk assessment.

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Toxic Responses of the Adrenal Cortex

Cited by 6 publications

References 132 publications

Adrenocortical endocrine disruption

Adrenocortical endocrine disruption

Histological and micrometric effects of diazinon exposure on adrenal medulla and cortex in mice

Adrenocortical hypertrophy: establishing cause and toxicological significance

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