Histological and micrometric effects of diazinon exposure on adrenal medulla and cortex in mice

Abstract

Histopathological effects of Diazinon (DZ) were studied on adrenal gland in virgin young female mice divided into five groups (10 animals each): (1) Control (untreated); (2) and (3) 9 and 18 mg kg(1 single exposure groups (given distilled water on day 1 and 2 and DZ on day 3); (4) and (5) 9 and 18 mg kg(1 multiple exposure groups (given respective DZ doses on days 1Á3). All doses were applied by gavage. Animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation on day 6. Adrenals were removed surgically for histological and micrometric assessments of medulla and cortex. Histological examination of adrenal medulla revealed apoptotic changes and granular depletion in chromaffin cells while cortex gave impression of increased thickness of Zona Fasciculata following multiple DZ exposures. Mean cell sizes in cortical and medullary regions showed dose and exposure dependent significant decline. In conclusion, DZ exposure caused granular depletion in chromaffin cells indicating a rapid release of adrenaline and increased fascicular thickness indicating an anticipated shift from adrenal sex steroids to glucocorticoids biosynthesis and release. Apoptotic changes and significant decline in mean cell sizes of cortical and medullary regions were considered as the outcomes of oxidative and biosynthetic stresses of DZ exposure.

Effects of Diethyl Phosphate, a Non-Specific Metabolite of Organophosphorus Pesticides, on Serum Lipid, Hormones, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota

“…Previously, epidemiological studies established correlations between OPs and endocrine system diseases [8,9,10] or infertility [11,12] based on urinary measurements of DEP. The endocrine-disrupting effects of OPs, including chlorpyrifos [13,14,15,16,17,18], diazinon [19,20], malathion [21], triazophos [22], and dimethoate [23], have only been proven in animal studies, which reported a disorder of hormones involved in the hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal [20], hypothalamic‒pituitary‒thyroid [14,17,18,19], and hypothalamic‒pituitary‒gonadal axes [14,15,16,17,21,22,23]. All of these OPs metabolize to DEP in vivo; however, we do not know whether these effects are induced by the parent OPs or the metabolites, especially the non-specific metabolite, DEP.…”

Histopathological features of low-dose organophosphate exposure

“…After OPs exposure, studies have shown injury of the adrenal gland parenchyma, both in the cortical and medullar areas, showing that adrenal glands are highly vulnerable at OP exposure, with extensive cytoplasmic lesions and hypertrophy of the fascicular zone as opposed to the reticular area. Migration of medullar cells in the cortical area and a widespread cellular atrophy was also observed in laboratory studied animals [ 15 , 36 ]. We observed a diffuse vacuolization of the cortical area in the adrenal glands.…”

Melatonin ameliorates the adrenal and pancreatic alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Clinical, biochemical, and descriptive histopathological studies

“…A key stress-responsive organ, the adrenal gland is a component of both the HPA axis and the sympatho-adrenomedullary system (10). The adrenal glands are considered to be among the most important endocrine glands and are involved in many biological functions, including developmental, immune, inflammatory, osmoregulatory, and metabolic activities (11). The adrenal cortex produces several steroid hormones The three outer layers of the endocrine gland-the zona glomerulosa (ZG), the zona fasciculata (ZF), and the zona reticularis (ZR)-as well as the inner medulla make up this structure.…”

“…Polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria, which are DM symptoms, have been linked to the adrenal gland (12). All of the body's major organs, including the heart, kidney, bones, muscles, and nervous system, are directly impacted by adrenal hormones, including the metabolic metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (11).…”