Toxic potentials of particulate and gaseous air pollutant mixtures and the role of PAHs and their derivatives

Nováková, Zuzana; Novák, Jiří; Kitanovski, Zoran; Kukučka, Petr; Smutná, Marie; Wietzoreck, Marco; Lammel, Gerhard; Hilscherová, Klára

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105634

Cited by 45 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Concerning assessment of exposure, neglect of the gas-phase may cause significant underestimates ( Samburova et al, 2017 ). This is suggested by identification of significant toxicities in the gas phase (e.g., androgenicity; Novak et al, 2014 ; Nováková et al, 2020 ). The bias is expected less pronounced for carcinogenicity, as equivalency factors are generally higher for the high-molecular weight i.e., the compounds being associated mostly with the particulate phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the global level, exposure to particulate matter (PM) in ambient air causes the premature death of 3.0–4.2 million people per year ( Cohen et al, 2015 ; Landrigan et al, 2017 ; Lelieveld et al, 2015 ) and 0.40–0.79 million for Europe ( EEA, 2020a ; Lelieveld et al, 2019 ). The toxic properties of PM have been related to its organic constituents ( Mauderly and Chow, 2008 ; Verma et al, 2015 ), particularly to the moderate polar and polar fractions ( Idowu et al, 2019 ; Nováková et al, 2020 ; Valavanidis et al, 2008 ), such as most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derivatives ( Happo et al, 2008 ; Jalava et al, 2009 ). PAHs are a group of compounds formed via incomplete combustion from fossil fuels, coal, wood or biomass burning emitted via both natural (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning

Degrendele

Kanduč

Kocman

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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Derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as nitrated- and oxygenated-PAHs (NPAHs and OPAHs) could be even more toxic and harmful for the environment and humans than PAHs. We assessed the spatial and seasonal variations of NPAHs and OPAHs atmospheric levels, their cancer risks and their gas-to-particle partitioning. To this end, about 250 samples of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and 50 gaseous samples were collected in 2017 in central Europe in the cities of Brno and Ljubljana (two traffic and two urban background sites) as well as one rural site. The average particulate concentrations were ranging from below limit of quantification to 593 pg m −3 for Σ 9 NPAHs and from 1.64 to 4330 pg m −3 for Σ 11 OPAHs, with significantly higher concentrations in winter compared to summer. In winter, the particulate levels of NPAHs and OPAHs were higher at the traffic site compared to the urban background site in Brno while the opposite was found in Ljubljana. NPAHs and OPAHs particulate levels were influenced by the meteorological parameters and co-varied with several air pollutants. The significance of secondary formation on the occurrence of some NPAHs and OPAHs is indicated. In winter, 27–47% of samples collected at all sites were above the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk. The gas-particle partitioning of NPAHs and OPAHs was influenced by their physico-chemical properties, the season and the site-specific aerosol composition. Three NPAHs and five OPAHs had higher particulate mass fractions at the traffic site, suggesting they could be primarily emitted as particles from vehicle traffic and subsequently partitioning to the gas phase along air transport. This study underlines the importance of inclusion of the gas phase in addition to the particulate phase when assessing the atmospheric fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds and also when assessing the related health risk.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning

Degrendele

Kanduč

Kocman

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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“…PACs in soil can enter the human body by inhalation, oral ingestion and dermal contact (Ruby et al, 2016) and can adversely affect humans as well as the ecosystem. Several PACs are carcinogenic (Collins et al, 1998;IARC, 2010IARC, , 2012 and mutagenic (Durant et al, 1996), cause oxidative stress (Bolton et al, 2000) and are endocrine-disrupting compounds (Lampi et al, 2006;Lundstedt et al, 2007;Nováková et al, 2020) and ecotoxic (Bandowe & Meusel, 2017;el Alawi et al, 2002;Sverdrup et al, 2002aSverdrup et al, , 2002b. Dibenzofuran causes effects in lung cells, contributes to oxidative stress and has estrogenic properties (Brinkmann et al, 2014;Duarte et al, 2011Duarte et al, , 2012Jaiswal et al, 2012), while 9-fluorenone is cytotoxic (Atsumi et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe

Wietzoreck

Bandowe

Hofman

et al. 2021

Environ Geochem Health

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Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g−1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g−1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g−1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g−1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.

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“…Extracts of ambient wood burning aerosol induce mutagenicity and intracellular production of ROS more than road traffic aerosol (Velali et al 2019). Polar fractions of organic PM extracts show higher toxicities than apolar ones (Nováková et al 2020). The complete pollutant mass in the air may not be bioaccessible upon inhalation as the dissolution of the substance in the epithelial lung lining fluid (LLF) is a prerequisite for biological activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PAHs' and nitro-and oxy-PAHs' abundances and bioaccessibility in the same PM samples (Lammel et al 2020a, b), as well as simultaneously in the gas phase (Lammel et al 2020a), are presented in companion papers. Toxicities of these PM samples, as well as the mixture toxicity of the substance classes addressed (reconstituted mixtures), are published elsewhere (Nováková et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility

Kitanovski

Hovorka

Kuta

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m−3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m−3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3–7.3% and 2.6–3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67–93%, 61–73% and 28–96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble’s solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble’s solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5).

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Toxic potentials of particulate and gaseous air pollutant mixtures and the role of PAHs and their derivatives

Cited by 45 publications

References 52 publications

NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning

NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning

Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe

Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility

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