The proposed LC/MS method results in a better separation and specificity for the targeted analytes. Several nitro-aromatic compounds were detected in urban BBA. The LC/MS peak intensity of the newly detected methyl nitrocatechols and nitroguaiacols is comparable to that of the methyl nitrocatechols, which also qualifies them as suitable molecular tracers for secondary biomass burning aerosol.
Abstract. Guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) and its derivatives can be emitted into the atmosphere by thermal degradation (i.e., burning) of wood lignins. Due to its volatility, guaiacol is predominantly distributed atmospherically in the gaseous phase. Recent studies have shown the importance of aqueous-phase reactions in addition to the dominant gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions of guaiacol, in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. The main objectives of the present study were to chemically characterize the main products of the aqueous-phase photonitration of guaiacol and examine their possible presence in urban atmospheric aerosols. The aqueous-phase reactions were carried out under simulated sunlight and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite. The formed guaiacol reaction products were concentrated by solid-phase extraction and then purified with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fractionated individual compounds were isolated as pure solids and further analyzed with liquid-state proton, carbon-13 and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and direct infusion negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry ((−)ESI-MS/MS). The NMR and product ion (MS2) spectra were used for unambiguous product structure elucidation. The main products of guaiacol photonitration are 4-nitroguaiacol (4NG), 6-nitroguaiacol (6NG), and 4,6-dinitroguaiacol (4,6DNG). Using the isolated compounds as standards, 4NG and 4,6DNG were unambiguously identified in winter PM10 aerosols from the city of Ljubljana (Slovenia) by means of HPLC/(−)ESI-MS/MS. Owing to the strong absorption of ultraviolet and visible light, 4,6DNG could be an important constituent of atmospheric "brown" carbon, especially in regions affected by biomass burning.
Among the nitrated
and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public
health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential.
Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs
in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations
of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two
urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one
of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations
of Σ10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient
to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. Σ18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower
than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were
the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter.
(9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found
that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was
carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility
in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of
the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for
NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%,
respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that
water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility
of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect
of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
Abstract. Nitro-monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs), such as nitrocatechols,
nitrophenols and nitrosalicylic acids, are important constituents of
atmospheric particulate matter (PM) water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and
humic-like substances (HULIS). Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are toxic and ubiquitous in
the ambient air; due to their light absorption properties, together with
NMAHs, they are part of aerosol brown carbon (BrC). We investigated the
winter concentrations of these substance classes in size-resolved PM from
two urban sites in central and southern Europe, i.e. Mainz (MZ), Germany, and
Thessaloniki (TK), Greece. The total concentration of 11 NMAHs (∑11NMAH concentrations) measured in PM10 and total PM were
0.51–8.38 and 12.1–72.1 ng m−3 at the MZ and TK sites, respectively, whereas
∑7OPAHs were 47–1636 and 858–4306 pg m−3, and ∑8NPAHs were ≤90 and 76–578 pg m−3, respectively. NMAHs
contributed 0.4 % and 1.8 % to the HULIS mass at MZ and TK, respectively.
The mass size distributions of the individual substances generally peaked in
the smallest or second smallest size fraction i.e. <0.49
or 0.49–0.95 µm. The mass median diameter (MMD) of NMAHs was 0.10 and 0.27 µm at MZ and TK, respectively, while the MMDs of
NPAHs and OPAHs were both 0.06 µm at MZ and 0.12 and 0.10 µm
at TK. Correlation analysis between NMAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs from one side and
WSOC, HULIS, sulfate, and potassium from the other suggested that fresh
biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel combustion emissions dominated at the TK
site, while aged air masses were predominant at the MZ site.
Abstract. Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N/OPAHs) are
emitted in combustion processes and formed in polluted air. Their
environmental cycling through wet deposition has hardly been studied. Fresh
snow samples at urban and rural sites in central Europe, as well as surface
snow from a remote site in Svalbard, were analysed for 17 NPAHs, 8 OPAHs, and
11 nitrated mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs), of which most N/OPAHs as well
as nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids, and 4-nitroguaiacol are studied for
the first time in precipitation. In order to better understand the scavenging
mechanisms, the particulate mass fractions (θ) at 273 K were
predicted using a multi-phase gas-particle partitioning model based on
polyparameter linear free energy relationships. ∑NPAH concentrations
were 1.2–17.6 and 8.8–19.1 ng L−1 at urban and rural sites, whereas
∑OPAHs were 79.8–955.2 and 343.3–1757.4 ng L−1 at these sites,
respectively. 9,10-anthraquinone was predominant in snow aqueous and
particulate phases. NPAHs were only found in the particulate phase with
9-nitroanthracene being predominant followed by 2-nitrofluoranthene. Among
NMAHs, 4-nitrophenol showed the highest abundance in both phases. The levels
found for nitrophenols were in the same range or lower than those reported in
the 1980s and 1990s. The lowest levels of ∑N/OPAHs and ∑NMAHs
were found at the remote site (3.5 and 390.5 ng L−1, respectively).
N/OPAHs preferentially partitioned in snow particulate phase in accordance
with predicted θ, whereas NMAHs were predominant in the aqueous phase,
regardless of θ. It is concluded that the phase distribution of
non-polar N/OPAHs in snow is determined by their gas-particle partitioning
prior to snow scavenging, whereas that for polar particulate phase
substances, i.e. NMAHs, is determined by an interplay between gas-particle
partitioning in the aerosol and dissolution during in- or below-cloud
scavenging.
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