Towards Wireless Secret key Agreement with LoRa Physical Layer

Ruotsalainen, Henri; Grebeniuk, Stepan

doi:10.1145/3230833.3232803

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Key generation security under passive eavesdropping has been validated in [8] through extensive ZigBee-based experiments. In particular, the work in [10] demonstrates that legitimate users can still generate keys securely by using LoRa, when the eavesdropper is located only 0.15 m or 2 m away.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been several long range standards designed for low-power wide area networks (LPWANs), including LoRa, Narrowband IoT, and Sigfox, etc. A very recent conference contribution applies key generation with LoRa [10], but the experiments are carried out in short-range environments, since the received power only has a 20 dBm variation. In contrast to short-range wireless communications, the channel conditions in long-range networks may vary significantly due to the shadowing of buildings in urban environments.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

Zhang

Marshall

Hanzo

2018

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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This paper presents automatic key generation for long-range wireless communications in low power wide area networks (LPWANs), employing LoRa as a case study. Differential quantization is adopted to extract a high level of randomness. Experiments conducted both in an outdoor urban environment and in an indoor environment demonstrate that this key generation technique is applicable for LPWANs, and shows that it is able to reliably generate secure keys.Index Terms-Internet of Things, low power wide area networks, physical layer security, key generation, LoRa/LoRaWAN I. INTRODUCTIONThe Internet of Things (IoT) is capable of connecting people, things, and the environment. This revolution heavily relies on secure data communications, which are currently maintained by classic cryptographic algorithms and protocols. In particular, public key cryptography (PKC) has been the de facto scheme for distributing keys to the users in modern communication and computer networks. However, its application in the IoT remains a challenge owing to the limited computational and battery capacity, as well as the requirement of a public key infrastructure for distributing the public keys.Key generation from the wireless channel between any pair of users has become a promising design alternative to complement PKC. The keys generated can be used for the symmetric encryption schemes in different layers of the protocol stack, e.g., the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) for the Wi-Fi MAC layer encryption or for Transport Layer Security (TLS) in the transport layer. It is particularly for protecting IoT systems that contain large numbers of resource-limited devices [1]. A comparison of resource and energy consumption between the key generation and elliptic curve-based Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) procedure, which is a popular PKC scheme, has been carried out in [2]. Key generation has been demonstrated to be more cost-efficient. Explicitly, ECDH consumes 98 times more energy and imposes 1289 times higher complexity than key generation, when both are implemented by an 8-bit Intel MCS-51 micro-controller [2]. In addition, key generation does not require any assistance from a third party, which is suitable for many decentralized or device-to-device IoT applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

Zhang

Marshall

Hanzo

2018

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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“…PCA scheme outperforms all other schemes with a p value of 0.5004. Prior works on PSKG techniques, especially for LoRa 18 networks focus only on short range communications. In most of the practical scenarios such as vehicular communications, short range results may not be applicable.…”

Section: Secret Key Generation Between a Pair Of Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secret Key Generation Schemes for Physical Layer Security

Ramanathan

Jayakumar

et al. 2021

Def. Sc. J.

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Physical layer security (PLS) has evolved to be a pivotal technique in ensuring secure wireless communication. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent developments in physical layer secret key generation (PLSKG). The principle, procedure, techniques and performance metricesare investigated for PLSKG between a pair of users (PSKG) and for a group of users (GSKG). In this paper, a detailed comparison of the various parameters and techniques employed in different stages of key generation such as, channel probing, quantisation, encoding, information reconciliation (IR) and privacy amplification (PA) are provided. Apart from this, a comparison of bit disagreement rate, bit generation rate and approximate entropy is also presented. The work identifies PSKG and GSKG schemes which are practically realizable and also provides a discussion on the test bed employed for realising various PLSKG schemes. Moreover, a discussion on the research challenges in the area of PLSKG is also provided for future research.

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“…The OFDM demodulation process can obtain the subcarrier phase value, measure the frequency change, and generate the communication key. A very recent conference contribution [25] applies key generation with LoRa and takes received signal strength indication (RSSI) as the channel parameter, but the experiments are carried out in short-range environments since the received power only has a 20 dBm variation. Zhang and Marshall's work [26] take differential value, namely the difference between RSSI signals.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Secure Communication System in Self-Organizing Networks via Lightweight Group Key Generation

Peng

Han

et al. 2020

IEEE Open J. Comput. Soc.

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Self-organizing networks provide rapid and convenient networking for many situations and have gained extensive research. With the progress of researches, security issues have attracted people's attention. There is no central node in self-organizing networks, and therefore the traditional key distribution methods based on public infrastructure do not work. The standardized pre-shared keys have predictable security risks. The physical-layer secret key generation has become a technology worth considering due to its lightweight, security, and decentralization. However, most of the previous work has focused on two devices and remains a challenge to expand the pairwise key into the group key. Since the channel reciprocity only exists between two devices, some information would be exchanged on the unencrypted channel, causing information leakage. This paper designs a secure communication system in self-organizing networks. It adopts an adaptive quantizer to generate the pairwise keys and proposes DORCE, Difference Of quantization Results at one deviCE. The authenticated users share the group key via the difference between pairwise keys. The algorithm is implemented in a mesh topology, which is suitable for self-organizing networks because users' joining and leaving will not have a great impact on the network topology. The algorithm's Key Achievable Rate is up to 4 bits. Experimental results demonstrate that DORCE can generate the group keys in seconds. The Key Generation Rate is above 10 bits per second, enabling a group key generation to be used in a communication system for self-organizing networks. All the generated keys pass the NIST Statistical Test Suite.

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Towards Wireless Secret key Agreement with LoRa Physical Layer

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

Channel-Envelope Differencing Eliminates Secret Key Correlation: LoRa-Based Key Generation in Low Power Wide Area Networks

Secret Key Generation Schemes for Physical Layer Security

A Secure Communication System in Self-Organizing Networks via Lightweight Group Key Generation

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