Towards stable and commercially available perovskite solar cells

Park, Nam‐Gyu; Grätzel, Michaël; Miyasaka, Tsutomu; Zhu, Kai; Emery, Keith

doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.152

Cited by 1,000 publications

(731 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…[3][4][5] However, in order to produce them at a large scale, stability and reproducibility issues must be overcome. [6][7][8][9] Thus far, much research on PSCs has been oriented towards compositional engineering. [3][4][5]10 Perovskites with outstanding photovoltaic properties have a distinctive structure, composed by three atoms according to the formula ABX 3 , where A corresponds to a monovalent organic/inorganic cation, B corresponds to a divalent inorganic cation (commonly Pb) and X corresponds to a halide anion (Cl, Br and I).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of multiple cation/anion perovskite solar cells through life cycle assessment

Alberola-Borràs

Vidal

Mora‐Seró

2018

Sustainable Energy Fuels

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After the great initiation of perovskite as a photovoltaic material, laboratory efficiencies similar to other photovoltaic technologies already commercialised have been reached. Consequently, recent research interests on perovskite solar cells try to address the stability improvement as well as make its industrialisation possible. Record efficiencies in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been achieved using as active material a multiple cation/anion perovskite by combining methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA), but also Cs cation and I and Br as anions, materials that also have demonstrated a superior stability. Herein, the environmental performance of the production of such perovskite films was evaluated via life cycle assessment. Our study points out that multiple cation/anion perovskite films show major detrimental environmental impacts for all categories assessed, except for abiotic depletion potential, when they are compared with a canonical perovskite MAPbI 3 . In addition, a closer analysis of the materials utilised for the synthesis of the different multiple cation perovskites compositions revealed that lead halide reagents and chlorobenzene were the most adverse compounds in terms of impact. However, the former is used in all the perovskite compositions and the later can be avoided by the use of alternative fabrication methods to anti-solvent. To this extent, FAI, with the current synthesis procedures, is the most determining compound as it increases significantly the impacts and the cost in comparison with MAI. A further economic analysis, exposed that multiple cation perovskites need a significantly higher photoconversion efficiency to produce the same payback times than canonical perovskite.2

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of multiple cation/anion perovskite solar cells through life cycle assessment

Alberola-Borràs

Vidal

Mora‐Seró

2018

Sustainable Energy Fuels

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“…Organicinorganic perovskite solar cells based on lead halides (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3¹x Cl x ) have attracted much attention of many researchers owing to their superior optical and electronic properties, such as high absorption coefficient and charge carrier mobility, small exciton binding energy, and long diffusion length of charge carriers. 13 Moreover, they have shown a steep increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8% in 2009 4 to more than 22% in 2016 5,6 and hence are recently considered as a promising next-generation photovoltaic device. However, the use of toxic material (Pb) still remains a major obstacle for the commercialization of these devices.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…13 Moreover, they have shown a steep increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8% in 2009 4 to more than 22% in 2016 5,6 and hence are recently considered as a promising next-generation photovoltaic device. However, the use of toxic material (Pb) still remains a major obstacle for the commercialization of these devices.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-circuit Voltage Loss in CH₃NH₃SnI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

Kim¹,

Miyamoto²,

Kubota³

et al. 2017

Chem. Lett.

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Organicinorganic perovskite solar cells based on tin halides exhibit a small open-circuit voltage (V OC ) because of a large photon energy loss from band-gap energy, as large as 0.81.0 eV. In this study, we discussed the origin of the V OC loss in CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 -based devices by measuring the temperature dependence of V OC . As a result, we found that the large loss in V OC is mainly due to the surface recombination at the interface rather than the bulk recombination in the perovskites. Organicinorganic perovskite solar cells based on lead halides (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3¹x Cl x ) have attracted much attention of many researchers owing to their superior optical and electronic properties, such as high absorption coefficient and charge carrier mobility, small exciton binding energy, and long diffusion length of charge carriers. 13 Moreover, they have shown a steep increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8% in 2009 4 to more than 22% in 2016 5,6 and hence are recently considered as a promising next-generation photovoltaic device. However, the use of toxic material (Pb) still remains a major obstacle for the commercialization of these devices. Thus, it is highly desirable for environmental friendly devices to replace lead(II) with other nontoxic metal elements, such as germanium(II), tin(II), and bismuth(III). 712Very recently, several groups have successfully fabricated organicinorganic perovskites solar cells based on tin halides (CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 ), which yields the best PCE in the range of 56%. 8,11,12 However, the device performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells still lags far behind that of lead-based counterparts. In particular, the open-circuit voltage (V OC ) is typically much smaller than the band-gap energy (E g ). In other words, the photon energy loss (E loss ) from E g is as large as 0.8 1.0 eV, which is larger by 0.30.5 eV than that for lead-based devices.1315 Hence, it is highly required to study the origin of the V OC loss for further improvements in the device performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells.Herein, we have fabricated the CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 -based solar cells with a layer structure as shown in Figure 1a, and studied the origin of the photon energy loss E loss = E g ¹ qV OC (q is the elementary charge) by measuring the temperature dependence of V OC . As a result, we found that the dominant recombination mechanism in these devices is the surface recombination at the interface rather than the bulk recombination of the perovskite layer, eventually resulting in a large loss in V OC .Organicinorganic perovskite solar cells based on tin halides (CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 ) were fabricated as follows. A 20-nmthick layer of dense TiO 2 (d-TiO 2 ) was coated onto an F-doped SnO 2 (FTO; Asahi Glass) substrate by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (a source material was titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP)). Mesoporous TiO 2 (mp-TiO 2 ) films were deposited onto the d-TiO 2 /FTO substrate by spin-coating a TiO 2 paste (Nikki Syokubai Kasei, PST-18NR) diluted by ethanol (1:3 by weight). The...

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“…[1][2][3] The power conversion efficiency (PCE) was rapidly boosted from 3.8% 4 to 15-22% in less than 5 years. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] High-performance PSCs exclusively use electron selective layers (ESLs), which transport electrons but block holes, as well as hole selective layers (HSLs), which transfer holes but block electrons.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…18,19 Nevertheless, the limited solubility of the pristine fullerenes in commonly used organic solvents makes it difficult to deposit a compact fullerene layers with controlled film thickness. Attachment of solubilizing groups, as seen in [60]PCBM, can improve the solution processability, but simultaneously deteriorates the resistance to attack by N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), [1][2][3] which are commonly used for fabricating the perovskite layers in the device stack. Partial dissolution of ESL would create shunting paths and thereby cause hysteresis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Precursor Approach to Pristine Fullerene Film as Electron Selective Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells

Umeyama

Matano

Shibata

et al. 2017

ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol.

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In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), electron selective layers (ESLs) assume a crucial role in blocking holes and transporting electrons for high performances. To achieve low-temperature solution processing of PSCs, organic n-type materials such as fullerene-based molecules have recently been employed to replace a typical TiO 2 ESL that requires high temperature (>450 • C) for fabrication. Herein, soluble C 60 -9-methylanthracene mono-adduct (C 60 (9MA)) is used as a thermal precursor to the C 60 ESL in planar PSCs.The best performing PSC device shows a power conversion efficiency of 15.0% under the simulated AM 1.5G one sun illumination, which is superior to that of the device with compact TiO 2 as an ESL (12.9%). Remarkably, a fill factor of the C 60 -based PSC (0.723) is enhanced compared to that of the TiO 2 -based one (0.671) owing to the low charge-transfer resistance at the interface of C 60 -perovskite. These results suggest that the thermal precursor approach to pristine fullerene films is a promising approach for fabricating ESL in high-performance PSCs with relatively low fabrication temperature (<140 • C).

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Towards stable and commercially available perovskite solar cells

Cited by 1,000 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluation of multiple cation/anion perovskite solar cells through life cycle assessment

Evaluation of multiple cation/anion perovskite solar cells through life cycle assessment

Open-circuit Voltage Loss in CH₃NH₃SnI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

Thermal Precursor Approach to Pristine Fullerene Film as Electron Selective Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells

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Towards stable and commercially available perovskite solar cells

Cited by 1,000 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluation of multiple cation/anion perovskite solar cells through life cycle assessment

Evaluation of multiple cation/anion perovskite solar cells through life cycle assessment

Open-circuit Voltage Loss in CH3NH3SnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

Thermal Precursor Approach to Pristine Fullerene Film as Electron Selective Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells

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Open-circuit Voltage Loss in CH₃NH₃SnI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells