Towards promising electrochemical technology for load leveling applications: extending cycle life of lead acid batteries by the use of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs)

Lead acid battery performance and cycle life increased through addition of discrete carbon nanotubes to both electrodes

“…Addition of carbon additives to the positive electrode is typically avoided, with few exceptions [13], because of fears that the highly oxidizing environment of the positive electrode would result in degradation of the carbon to carbon dioxide. Here, the stability of dCNT in such an environment is tested (See supp.…”

Core-leaf onion-like carbon/MnO2 hybrid nano-urchins for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

“…However, commercial LIBs mostly use graphite as the anode material, which possesses a relatively low theoretical specific capacity of ~372 mAh g -1 . This low capacity severely hampers the wide usage of LIBs in the surging consumer electronic devices and the large-scale energy applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, renewable power plants, and load levelling [3][4][5]. To accommodate the high-level requirements of these advanced applications, it is imperative to explore new electrode materials and novel designs for higher energy density, lower cost, flexibility, non-toxicity, and better stability.…”

Enhanced performance of starter lighting ignition type lead-acid batteries with carbon nanotubes as an additive to the active mass

“…A-priori, it was expected that their presence should enable a better electrical integrity of the active mass, thus facilitating more effective conversion reactions. From a previous work [16] it was known that CNT remain robust in positive electrodes, despite their relatively high upper voltage. The morphological studies described above connect the electrochemical improvement in performance to the formation of small PbSO 4 particles upon discharge.…”

“…This modified active mass consists of composites made of CNT conformably coated with lead salts. By enabling a uniform current distribution, and subsequently well distributed electrochemical redox reactions throughout the electrode matrix, arrested the formation of too large PbSO 4 particles [16].…”