Towards Mindless Stress Regulation in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Stress can frequently occur in the driving context. Its cognitive effects can be deleterious and lead to uncomfortable or risky situations. While stress detection in this context is well developed, regulation using dedicated advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) is still emergent.Objectives: This systematic review focuses on stress regulation strategies that can be qualified as “subtle” or “mindless”: the technology employed to perform regulation does not interfere with an ongoing task. The review goal is 2-fold: establishing the state of the art on such technological implementation in the driving context and identifying complementary technologies relying on subtle regulation that could be applied in driving.Methods: A systematic review was conducted using search operators previously identified through a concept analysis. The patents and scientific studies selected provide an overview of actual and potential mindless technology implementations. These are then analyzed from a scientific perspective. A classification of results was performed according to the different stages of emotion regulation proposed by the Gross model.Results: A total of 47 publications were retrieved, including 21 patents and 26 studies. Six of the studies investigated mindless stress regulation in the driving context. Patents implemented strategies mostly linked to attentional deployment, while studies tended to investigate response modulation strategies.Conclusions: This review allowed us to identify several ADAS relying on mindless computing technologies to reduce stress and better understand the underlying mechanisms allowing stress reduction. Further studies are necessary to better grasp the effect of mindless technologies on driving safety. However, we have established the feasibility of their implementation as ADAS and proposed directions for future research in this field.

The Arousal Effect of Exclusionary and Inclusionary Situations on Social Affiliation Motivation and Its Subsequent Influence on Prosocial Behavior

“…Thus, the system could detect affective states and estimate the subsequent effects on social behavior and regulate them properly under specific application. For instance, while driving, where a feeling of anger is often elicited and a prosocial behavior can be desirable, the integration of arousal may be suitable to determine when emotion regulation is needed (Béquet et al, 2020).…”

Design and Evaluation of a Clippable and Personalizable Pneumatic-haptic Feedback Device for Breathing Guidance

“…The 'subtle' tactile intervention represents an intervention that does not interrupt an ongoing foreground task [7] and thus is less likely to reduce task performance. Zepf et al [81] showed that using a conscious auditorybased breathing guide was more effective in lowering the BR compared to using a less-conscious one.…”

“…Despite increasing attention on the well-known health benefits of mindful and controlled breathing, people easily forget to be mindful of breathing and stress levels -especially when occupied with many different activities. Various studies have shown the significant effect of slow breathing guidance techniques and biofeedback systems to improve one's mental and physical health [7,55,61]. However, previous works are focused on evaluating their systems during one specific targeted task that lacks the involvement of physical movement, such as relaxing [5], meditation [60,62,71] or doing office work [30,47,50,57].…”

Audiovisual Affect Recognition for Autonomous Vehicles: Applications and Future Agendas

“…In addition, we also touch upon other sensing methods, e.g., physiological signals captured through dedicated devices. This is motivated by the popularity of vital parameters in driver monitoring [3], [41], the increasing availability of compact fitness wearables, and the potential to use this data for evaluating comfort [42].…”