Towards green communication in 5G systems: Survey on beamforming concept

Mohamed, Khalid Sheikhidris; Alias, Mohamad Yusoff; Roslee, Mardeni; Raji, Y.M.

doi:10.1049/cmu2.12066

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…One of the benefits of beamforming in 5G is its ability to dynamically adjust the beam direction in real-time to adapt to changing environments, such as user device mobility. This feature helps to ensure a reliable and steady connection, even when the user device is on the move [63][64][65][66][67].…”

Section: Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Handover and Mobility Management in 5G HetNets: Current State, Challenges, and Future Directions

Ullah

Roslee

Mitani

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Fifth-generation (5G) networks offer high-speed data transmission with low latency, increased base station volume, improved quality of service (QoS), and massive multiple-input–multiple-output (M-MIMO) channels compared to 4G long-term evolution (LTE) networks. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the achievement of mobility and handover (HO) in 5G networks due to significant changes in intelligent devices and high-definition (HD) multimedia applications. Consequently, the current cellular network faces challenges in propagating high-capacity data with improved speed, QoS, latency, and efficient HO and mobility management. This comprehensive survey paper specifically focuses on HO and mobility management issues within 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The paper thoroughly examines the existing literature and investigates key performance indicators (KPIs) and solutions for HO and mobility-related challenges while considering applied standards. Additionally, it evaluates the performance of current models in addressing HO and mobility management issues, taking into account factors such as energy efficiency, reliability, latency, and scalability. Finally, this paper identifies significant challenges associated with HO and mobility management in existing research models and provides detailed evaluations of their solutions along with recommendations for future research.

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Section: Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Handover and Mobility Management in 5G HetNets: Current State, Challenges, and Future Directions

Ullah

Roslee

Mitani

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Conversely, the application of massive MIMO alongside beamforming (i.e., directionality of the propagation beams) ensures that cell edge coverage and capacity are enhanced. Additionally, beamforming increases the energy efficiency of the signals due to the formation of narrow beamwidths [57].…”

Section: ) Green Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

5G Business Models for Mobile Network Operators—A Survey

2022

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Emerging Fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks and associated technologies are expected to provide multi-service wireless applications with diverse specifications intended to address not only consumer-based smartphone applications, but also the needs of various vertical industry markets (e.g., healthcare, education, energy, mining, agriculture, manufacturing, and so forth). This paper extends 5G networks' technology orientation towards attaining economic value for all key 5G stakeholders, including customers, mobile network operators (MNOs), equipment vendors, public institutions, private enterprises, digital business start-ups and other third parties. Although several surveys and tutorials have discussed business models in connection with 5G networks, there is no comprehensive study on business models for emerging 5G networks from the MNO's perspective. In this survey article, we present and investigate key advances on business models for 5G networks and 5G MNOs in particular, from industry, use cases and research community perspectives. The paper focuses the theoretical business model concept from both strategic management and technological innovation perspectives. Thereafter, we discuss conventional business models for MNOs before presenting particular disruptive business models which can be considered for rolling out 5G networks with an aim to improve business efficiency. Additionally, the paper explores the emerging network deployment concept of private 5G networks and their related business models. Finally, we present some of the open research challenges and provide possible guidelines for implementing 5G business models based on various countries' socio-economic status and relevant 5G use cases applicable in a specific context of emerging economies.INDEX TERMS 5G, business model, business model innovation, disruptive business model, mobile network operators, private 5G networks. I. INTRODUCTION 21The Fifth-generation (5G) of mobile networks have been 22 defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 23 via its Radio-communication sector (ITU-R) under the 24 umbrella name ''International Mobile Telecommunication-25 2020'' (IMT-2020) to support multi-service wireless appli-26 cations by offering: higher data rates (20 gigabits/second 27 peak data rate), a huge number of wireless connections 28 (1 million connections per square kilometer), higher spec-29 tral efficiency (3 times higher than 4G networks), improved 30 energy efficiency (100 times higher than 4G networks) and 31 (e.g., Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and Total 46 Access Communication System (TACS)); Second-generation 47 (2G) digital systems (e.g., Global System for Mobile Com-48 munication (GSM)); Third-generation (3G) digital sys-49 tems (e.g., Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 50 (UMTS)); Fourth-generation (4G) digital systems (e.g., Long 51 Term Evolution (LTE) -IMT-Advanced); and emerging 5G 52 digital systems (e.g., New Radio) [4]. Fig. 2 depicts the 53 evolution of wireless cellular networks.54 A. MOTIVATION 55 With...

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“…The branches of a decision tree end in a terminal node that denotes the different classes in which the data can be separated, with each observation getting mapped to its corresponding class. DT is proposed in which check the performance of intelligent classifier [23]. Whenever the fluctuation in the voltage and current parameters the system monitors continuously all parameters and act according to situation intelligently.…”

Section: Decision Treementioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Based Islanding Detection During Blackout

Ghafoor

2022

IJSET

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In modern era, demand of electricity is increasing rapidly due to fast development in industrial sector, communication technologies, commercial and domestic usage. The need of the hour is to protect the power system from blackouts during abnormal conditions, like voltage collapse and frequency disturbance etc between the generation and consumption. The sudden change in weather conditions, loading of power system, and over ageing of transmission and distribution lines becomes the cause of blackouts. Islanding detection and protection is one of the best possible techniques to improve the power quality, reliability, system security, transmission congestion relief and efficient energy utilization. Distribution generators (DGs), if properly placed have many positive impacts on the operation of power system. The islanding can improve the reliability by counting the operation of electrical power to keep the balance between consumption and generation. The main problem is sustained islanding with fast timing. Plant should sustain its island mode condition when fault occurs in transmission lines. Most islanding detection algorithms suffer from large NDZ and Non detection zone must be minimized to protect system properly and avoid blackouts. This study presents a technique to develop a reliable system to prevent complete blackouts, while maintaining the stability of the power system with high variability and uncertainty under the abnormal conditions. It is also needed to present the period all the DGs need to connect and disconnect immediately when the island occurs. For this purpose, each DG must be equipped with islanding detection devices. In this research work the presented system is a two-step process, based on the collection of some of the key characteristics in the current and voltage signals to analyze second harmonic by the Fourier transform (FT).

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Towards green communication in 5G systems: Survey on beamforming concept

Cited by 22 publications

References 63 publications

A Survey on Handover and Mobility Management in 5G HetNets: Current State, Challenges, and Future Directions

A Survey on Handover and Mobility Management in 5G HetNets: Current State, Challenges, and Future Directions

5G Business Models for Mobile Network Operators—A Survey

Machine Learning Based Islanding Detection During Blackout

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