Ultra-dense networks represent the trend for future wireless 5G networks, which can provide high transmission rates in dense urban environments. However, a massive number of small cells are required to be deployed in such networks, and this requirement increases interference and number of handovers (HOs) in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). In such scenario, mobility management becomes an important issue to guarantee seamless communication while the user moves among cells. In this paper, we propose an autotuning optimization (ATO) algorithm that utilizes user speed and received signal reference power to adapt HO margin and time to trigger. The proposed algorithm aims to reduce the number of frequent HOs and HO failure (HOF) ratio. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through simulation with a two-tier model that consists of 4G and 5G networks. Simulation results show that the average rates of pingpong HOs and HOF are significantly reduced by the proposed algorithm compared with other algorithms from the literature. In addition, the ATO algorithm achieves a low call drop rate and reduces HO delay and interruption time during user mobility in HetNets. INDEX TERMS Ultra-dense, heterogeneous networks, handover, self-optimization.
In today's rapidly growing communication and internet technologies, such as 5G, cloud computing, and blockchain, information security has become a critical component. When data is transmitted in its raw form, it is vulnerable to a variety of cybersecurity assaults. In this hybrid multi-stage data encryption architecture, which builds sequential and pseudo-random encoding/decoding algorithms with pre-stage text encryption discovered that image resolution and attributes were unaffected by the change in image size after testing several text sizes with the cover image and various image formats, it is suitable that the text size should be 15% smaller than the cover image. Furthermore, when compared to sequential encoding/decoding, the hybrid cryptography and steganography-pseudo-random encoding/decoding procedure is more efficient and time consuming.
It is ascertained that the current communication systems will not be able to support the future network demands due to the increasing traffic, limitation of frequency resources, and high level of interference. Recently, beamforming techniques have been introduced to reduce the interference by redirecting the transmission towards the desired users only. While such beamforming enables better interference mitigation and improved network performance, the concerns on its effectiveness in dense deployment environments are arising. In this paper, the prospect of interference avoidance in location aware small cell environments using time division multiple access (TDMA) and beamforming is studied. The interference is reduced by identifying the aggressor small cell and transmit the beams towards the desired users at different times. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is able to enhance the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) by approximately 18 dB, enhance the user throughput by about 10 Mbps in comparison to small cell on/off control scheme with a discovery signal (SCon/off-DS), and improve the fairness index to about 95% in comparison to the baseline scheme. It is believed that the presented results promote the proposed scheme as an efficient interference management paradigm for the fifth generation (5G) communication systems.
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