Towards full recyclability of end-of-life tires: Challenges and opportunities

Abbas-Abadi, Mehrdad Seifali; Kusenberg, Marvin; Shirazi, Hamed Mohamadzadeh; Goshayeshi, Bahman

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134036

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 242 publications

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“…113,127 Thus, the coprocessing of raw TPO into conventional refinery units for producing HVCs and fuels has been perceived as the path to increase its degree of circularity, as also recommended elsewhere. 21 The centralized valorization of raw TPO in refineries has tremendous attractiveness due to the possibility of using versatile and large-capacity units. 36 Such units are already set and optimized for petroleum streams, thus avoiding additional costs for TPO post-treatment.…”

Section: Structural Characteristics Of Raw Tire Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common catalysts used in HTO processes are alumina-supported in cobalt−molybdenum (CoMo) and nickel−molybdenum (NiMo). 161 The concentration of heteroatoms in the TPO seems to be reduced by 90% using the aforementioned catalysts (NiMo or CoMo)/(alumina, silica−alumina, and zeolite), 21 while alternative transportation fuels are produced, which exhibit similar properties to those of gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels. Even though fuel production has not the same circularity degree as the production of chemical commodities including those with appealing characteristics for making new tires, the possibility of using existing assets in oil refineries without the need of additional investments makes these processes attractive to close the TPO loop.…”

Section: Processing Raw Tire Pyrolysis Oil In Conventional Refineriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pursuing the End-of-Life Tire Circularity: An Outlook toward the Production of Secondary Raw Materials from Tire Pyrolysis Oil

et al. 2023

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Pyrolysis is perceived as the missing link between the management of end-of-life tires (ELTs) and the tire industry because it strikes directly in the transition from a linear to a circular economy model and toward the defossilization of diverse economic sectors. Tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) is one of the most valuable and interesting fractions derived from the pyrolysis of ELTs. It contains valuable chemicals including, among others, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, as well as limonene, which are some of the building blocks of the petrochemical industry. Within the circular economy framework, traditional practices such as the direct use of TPO in combustion systems seem to exhibit a low circularity degree. Instead, the production of secondary raw materials that can be reused for multiple purposes associated with the petrochemical industry is getting special attention. Based on the above, this work aims at reviewing different pathways currently explored in the scientific community to produce various value-added products from TPO. Due to the similarity of its properties with those of petroleum streams, the coprocessing of TPO using existing units in conventional refineries exhibits a massive potential. In this manner, the properties of the derived products can be fine-tuned according to the hydrocarbons and petrochemical market requirements. As such, discussed are the advantages, recent progress, and challenges in the implementation of conventional refinery practices such as distillation, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydroprocessing, and steam cracking for TPO post-treatment. These processes are seen as the path to integrate TPO in the current hydrocarbon/petrochemical market.

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Section: Structural Characteristics Of Raw Tire Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Processing Raw Tire Pyrolysis Oil In Conventional Refineriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pursuing the End-of-Life Tire Circularity: An Outlook toward the Production of Secondary Raw Materials from Tire Pyrolysis Oil

et al. 2023

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“…Rubber tyres are made of carbon black, elastomers and additives and are reinforced by steel fibres. While efforts have been made in recovering carbon black and fibres from waste tyres, their recovery is otherwise energy-intensive [ 3 , 4 ]. However, tyre waste can be reused as fuel for the production of electricity as well as materials for civil engineering applications, such as road construction, concrete manufacturing and bituminous composites [ 5 , 6 ], providing an alternative outlet to such waste, which is otherwise disposed of in landfill.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze/Thaw Resistance of Mortar with Recycled Tyre Waste at Varying Particle Sizes

Maddalena

2023

Materials

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There is a growing concern for finding alternative solutions to construction materials in order to minimise their environmental impact as well as enhancing their service life. This study investigated the durability of cementitious mortars prepared by replacing fine aggregate (sand) with recycled tyre shreds and crumbs, aiming at providing an alternative outlet to tyre waste disposal. Tyre shreds obtained at different particle sizes, from fibres of 0.5–5.0 mm to crumbs of 0.1–0.85 mm in diameter, were used as fine aggregate replacement at 20% by volume. The strength of the mortar samples, their thermal conductivity and their water absorption rate were tested at the age of 28 days and after 20 freeze/thaw cycles. The results showed that the mortar containing tyre crumbs at lower particle sizes resulted in negligible shrinkage, improved freeze/thaw resistance, a reduced water absorption by up to 52% and an improved thermal resistivity.

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“…As the consequences of climate change have been more and more visible in recent years, it has become of prior importance for all sectors to reduce the environmental impact of their activities, which is also encouraged by the increasing number of policies going in this direction. In this sense, greener ways to deal with the increasing amount of end-of-life tires are needed to avoid their ending in landfills or burning for energy recovery [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This powder is subsequently used as raw material or additive in other products of interest for diverse applications. In particular, the elastomeric properties of GTR make it an interesting filler agent to improve the mechanical properties of a wide range of materials including thermoplastics, thermosets, virgin or composite rubbers, concrete, bitumen or asphalt [1][2][3][5][6][7][8][9]. For example, the introduction of GTR fillers in polystyrene (PS), which is investigated in this work, can produce a composite material with improved stress cracking resistance and impact strength, with respect to the brittle pure PS matrix, and with reduced material costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study on the Styrene–GTR Radical Graft Polymerization: Combination of an Experimental Approach, on Different Scales, with Machine Learning Modeling

et al. 2023

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The study of the styrene–Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) graft radical polymerization is particularly challenging due to the complexity of the underlying kinetic mechanisms and nature of GTR. In this work, an experimental study on two scales (∼10 mL and ∼100 mL) and a machine learning (ML) modeling approach are combined to establish a quantitative relationship between operating conditions and styrene conversion. The two-scale experimental approach enables to verify the impact of upscaling on thermal and mixing effects that are particularly important in this heterogeneous system, as also evidenced in previous works. The adopted experimental setups are designed in view of multiple data production, while paying specific attention in data reliability by eliminating the uncertainty related to sampling for analyses. At the same time, all the potential sources of uncertainty, such as the mass loss along the different steps of the process and the precision of the experimental equipment, are also carefully identified and monitored. The experimental results on both scales validate previously observed effects of GTR, benzoyl peroxide initiator and temperature on styrene conversion but, at the same time, reveal the need of an efficient design of the experimental procedure in terms of mixing and of monitoring uncertainties. Subsequently, the most reliable experimental data (i.e., 69 data from the 10 mL system) are used for the screening of a series of diverse supervised-learning regression ML models and the optimization of the hyperparameters of the best-performing ones. These are gradient boosting, multilayer perceptrons and random forest with, respectively, a test R2 of 0.91 ± 0.04, 0.90 ± 0.04 and 0.89 ± 0.05. Finally, the effect of additional parameters, such as the scaling method, the number of folds and the random partitioning of data in the train/test splits, as well as the integration of the experimental uncertainties in the learning procedure, are exploited as means to improve the performance of the developed models.

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Towards full recyclability of end-of-life tires: Challenges and opportunities

Cited by 45 publications

References 242 publications

Pursuing the End-of-Life Tire Circularity: An Outlook toward the Production of Secondary Raw Materials from Tire Pyrolysis Oil

Pursuing the End-of-Life Tire Circularity: An Outlook toward the Production of Secondary Raw Materials from Tire Pyrolysis Oil

Freeze/Thaw Resistance of Mortar with Recycled Tyre Waste at Varying Particle Sizes

A Comprehensive Study on the Styrene–GTR Radical Graft Polymerization: Combination of an Experimental Approach, on Different Scales, with Machine Learning Modeling

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