Towards Distributed Recycling with Additive Manufacturing of PET Flake Feedstocks

Little, Helen A.; Tanikella, Nagendra Gautam; Reich, Matthew J.; Fiedler, Matthew J.; Snabes, Samantha L.; Pearce, Joshua M.

doi:10.3390/ma13194273

Cited by 65 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…As will be shown in Section 4, many new experimental systems for both small- and large-scale applications appeared in the period from 2014 to 2018 [ 15 – 29 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 37 ], which can be related to the high number of publications in the same period. Although the scientific production in the last 2 years decreased, a crescent share of the research was carried out with commercial systems [ 48 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 65 – 69 , 71 – 73 , 75 ], indicating the consolidation of screw-assisted EAM in the market.…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The USA respond for most publications (16), followed by the UK (14), and India (8). The authors from the USA account for most publications using large-scale AM systems [ 63 – 69 ] and recycling AM [ 70 – 73 ]. With relation to the UK, most research was conducted on additive bio-manufacturing (bio-AM) [ 19 – 23 , 45 – 49 ], defined by Ferrari et al [ 77 ] as the “ use of 3D printing for medical purposes or non-therapeutic ‘human enhancement’, whether they involve the production of biological material or not.…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

Fig. 10 The large-scale screw-assisted systems found in the systematic search: a the BAAM® machine [ 80 ], b the Gigabot X® machine (adapted from [ 73 ]), and c the Super Discovery® 3D printer [ 76 ] …”

Section: Technological Evolution Of Screw-assisted Eammentioning

confidence: 99%

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Screw-assisted 3D printing with granulated materials: a systematic review

Netto

Idogava

Santos

et al. 2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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This paper presents a systematic review on extrusion additive manufacturing (EAM), with focus on the technological development of screw-assisted systems that can be fed directly with granulated materials. Screw-assisted EAM has gained importance as an enabling technology to expand the range of 3D printing materials, reduce costs associated with feedstock fabrication, and increase the material deposition rate compared to traditional fused filament fabrication (FFF). Many experimental printheads and commercial systems that use some screw-processing mechanism can be found in the literature, but the design diversity and lack of standard terminology make it difficult to determine the most suitable solutions for a given material or application field. Besides, the few previous reviews have offered only a glimpse into the topic, without an in-depth analysis about the design of the extruders and associated capabilities. A systematic procedure was devised to identify the screw-assisted EAM systems that can print directly from granulated materials, resulting in 61 articles describing different pieces of equipment that were categorized as experimental printheads and commercial systems, for small- and large-scale applications. After describing their main characteristics, the most significant extruder modifications were discussed with reference to the materials processed and performance requirements. In the end, a general workflow for the development of 3D printers based on screw extrusion was proposed. This review intends to provide information about the state-of-the-art screw-assisted EAM and help the academy to identify further research opportunities in the field.

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Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Screw-assisted 3D printing with granulated materials: a systematic review

Netto

Idogava

Santos

et al. 2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…Implementing the granulate processing mechanism into the printhead itself will allow us to reduce these steps with a low degree of production load. As can be seen in the publication "Towards Distributed Recycling with Additive Manufacturing of PET Flake Feedstocks" [31]. The extrusion system works on the principle of two differently oriented screws, which are used to move the granulate through the print head.…”

Section: Recycling Of Plastic Waste From Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of an Atypical Construction of Equipment for Additive Manufacturing with a Conceptual Solution of a Printhead Intended for the Use of Recycled Plastic Materials

et al. 2021

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This article presents the variability of Fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology and the possibilities of its use in the design and implementation of a prototype atypical device. The assumptions of the behaviour of individual components and subsystems of the design result from an extensive application of the finite element method and motion analysis of subsystems and various parts of the structure. The use of this method to such an extent accelerated the design process and its implementation. The proposal itself reflects the current state of this technology and its focus is on improving sustainable development. As is generally known, great efforts are currently being made to reduce plastic waste volume and its environmental burden. The proposed concept is modified to replace the final treatment of the top layers of the models, called “ironing” by non-planar layering of material. At the same time, it points out the advantages of this method in reducing energy requirements and the time required to produce models. The conclusion is a conceptual design of a printhead for a proposed prototype, designed to use recycled FDM, intending to streamline the possibility of recycling with little serial and piece production. This process thus closes the circle of opportunities published by us, which in the future can contribute to the optimisation of this technology towards increasing the efficiency of resource use, reduction of energy demands and environmental burden.

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“…Many polymers experience chemical breakdown called hydrolysis when exposed to water, particularly at high temperatures (i.e., during manufacturing) [2], making water removal incredibly important in the plastics industry. This is an important step for both industrial scale manufacturing [3][4][5] as well as distributed recycling and additive manufacturing (DRAM) [6][7][8], particularly of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET), which is the most commonly used plastic [9]. Additionally, paper is manufactured by suspending pulp in water, then carefully removing that water to form paper in the desired parameters [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Source Vacuum Oven Design for Low-Temperature Drying: Performance Evaluation for Recycled PET and Biomass

Hubbard

Putman

Techtmann

et al. 2021

JMMP

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Vacuum drying can dehydrate materials further than dry heat methods, while protecting sensitive materials from thermal degradation. Many industries have shifted to vacuum drying as cost- or time-saving measures. Small-scale vacuum drying, however, has been limited by the high costs of specialty scientific tools. To make vacuum drying more accessible, this study provides design and performance information for a small-scale open source vacuum oven, which can be fabricated from off-the-shelf and 3-D printed components. The oven is tested for drying speed and effectiveness on both waste plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and a consortium of bacteria developed for bioprocessing of terephthalate wastes to assist in distributed recycling of PET for both additive manufacturing as well as potential food. Both materials can be damaged when exposed to high temperatures, making vacuum drying a desirable solution. The results showed that the open source vacuum oven was effective at drying both plastic and biomaterials, drying at a higher rate than a hot-air dryer for small samples or for low volumes of water. The system can be constructed for less than 20% of commercial vacuum dryer costs for several laboratory-scale applications, including dehydration of bio-organisms, drying plastic for distributed recycling and additive manufacturing, and chemical processing.

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Towards Distributed Recycling with Additive Manufacturing of PET Flake Feedstocks

Cited by 65 publications

References 64 publications

Screw-assisted 3D printing with granulated materials: a systematic review

Screw-assisted 3D printing with granulated materials: a systematic review

Design of an Atypical Construction of Equipment for Additive Manufacturing with a Conceptual Solution of a Printhead Intended for the Use of Recycled Plastic Materials

Open Source Vacuum Oven Design for Low-Temperature Drying: Performance Evaluation for Recycled PET and Biomass

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